The Pirak Phase is a phase of the Localisation Era of both the Indus Valley Tradition and the Baluchistan Tradition. The Localisation Era comprises several phases:[14], Gregory Possehl includes the Neolithic stage in his periodisation, using the term Indus Age for this broader timespan,[4] Possehl arranged "archaeological phases into a seven stage sequence:[2], Possehl's mixture of older periodisation (Mature Harappan), artefact-based descriptive classifications (Early Iron Age) and socio-economic processes (Developed Village Farming Communities) is not unique and others, such as Singh (2008), have presented similar categories which treat the Indus Valley and the Early Historic Traditions in very different ways and thus reinforce established divisions which prevent easy comparative discussion. It seems that around 2500 B.C. The lecturer opened his conclusions by making clear that this second presentation demonstrates that the Mature Harappan culture was not static, nor homogeneous across its enormous region. Of the mature phase sites, two most important cities were Harappa in Punjab and Mohenjo-daro (literally, the mound of the dead) in Sindh, both forming parts of Pakistan. [29], Coningham & Young note that most works on urbanisation in early Indian history focus on either the Indus Valley Civilisation or the Early Historic Period, "thus continuing the long-standing division between the Indus and Early Historic." 600 BC,[28] c.q. We have spent many posts investigating the, I have collected a couple of Leiden Lectures (University of Leiden) by. Berlin, W. DeGruyter. The identification of the Harappan Civilization in the early twentieth century was considered to be the most significant archaeological discovery in the Indian Subcontinent, not because it was one the earliest civilizations of the world, but because it stretched back the antiquity of settled life in the Indian Subcontinent by two thousand years at one stroke. indus Valley Civilization Tamil. According to Parpola the collapse was due to a combination of several factors like over-exploitation of the environment, drastic changes in the river-courses, series of floods, water-logging and increased salinity of the irrigated lands. Mature Harappan Leiden Lecture II. Learning Objective. We argue that Kenoyer’s (1998) suggestion that the Era of Integration was only reached with the Mauryan period (c. 317 BC) was overcautious and that such a cultural and economic stage became evident in the archaeological record as early as 600 BC [...] This task is likely to be controversial and we acknowledge that not all scholars will be receptive. Phallic symbols close to the Hindu Shiva lingam was located in the Harappan ruins. • At Rahman Dheri, a similar sequence from the period of Agricultural expansion into the Early Harappan and into the Mature Harappan have been found. Setting for Rick’s Novel-in-Progress. The Early Harappan was advancing fastest in the Northwest of the region. Settlements had fortifications and craft specialisation started to develop. (2016), the various cultural levels at Bhirrana, as deciphered from the archaeological artifacts, are pre-Harappan (~9.5–8 ka BP), Early Harappan (~8–6.5 ka BP), Early mature Harappan (~6.5–5 ka BP) and mature Harappan (~5–2.8 ka BP). The two best-known excavated cities of this culture are Harappa and Mohenjodaro, thought to have once had populations of between 40,000-50,000 people each. Similarities and DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EARLY HARAPPAN AND Mature Harappan CULTURES. 213–257. c. These objects were found from areas of Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat . With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures - Early Harappan and Late Harappan, respectively - the entire Indus Valley Civilization may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE. Difference between pre-Harappan and pro-Harappan cultures Cultures that preceded Harappan culture are pre-Harappan, while proto-Harappan, while proto-Harappan cultures are those pre-Harappan culture or which have some close similarities with the Harappan culture or which may be said to have anticipated certain essential elements of Harappan culture. The Early Harappan Phase lasted from 3300 BC to 2800 BC. Early Harappa began advancing in the late fourth and early third millennium with development of a “vast inter-regional network system,” social hierarchy, full craft specialization, mass production of pottery, and urbanism. Moreover, he states its society in no way compared with the complex stratified Uruk society. The Harappan Civilization – Genesis and Transition (Leiden 2005) Part I (link to read or download), The Harappan Civilization – Genesis and Transition (Leiden 2005) Part II (link to read or download), clear differences between Harappan sub-regions, decline of IVC imputed to disintegration of ideological base, generalizations from collected material evidence, Harappan progress compared to Ubaid and Uruk, Harappans in Mesopotamia but not vice versa, IVC Neolithic "completely different" than Ubaid, Mature Harappan not monolithic but regional, northern IVC thrived as southern collapsed, Source: The Harappan Civilization – Genesis and Transition (Leiden 2005) Part I and II, 247. Teotihuacan and Nixtun-Ch’ich share grid concept. The Early Harappan Phase lasted from 3300 BC to 2800 BC. Subsistence Strategies If you look at Maps 1 and 2 you will notice that the Mature Harappan culture developed in some of the areas occupied by the Early Harappan cultures. 243. a. Grey-ware and Painted Grey Ware, generally associated with Vedic people have been found in conjunction with some late Harappan pottery. But large cities were absent. Kenoyer, J. M. 1991a The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. One distinction here is that pottery is now in use. A date of 2600 B.C. In this stage, the nomadic people began to lead a settled agricultural life; early-Harappan stage, the people lived in large villages in the plains. and the Post-Urban/Late Harappan (1900-1300 B.C.). In this stage, the nomadic people began to lead a settled … The earliest evidence for elements of Hinduism is before and during the early Harappan period. Vincent Smith (1904), one of the leading historians of the era, had written in the beginning of the twentieth century that there was a wide gap (Vedic Night) or … 244. (2016), co-authored by Rao, who also refer to a proposal by Possehl, and various radiocarbon dates from other sites, though giving 800 BCE as the enddate for the Mature Harappan phase:[18][note 3] Rao 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRao2005 (help), and as summarized by Dikshit 2013, compares as follows with the conventional datings, and Shaffer (Eras). Mehrgarh Period I belongs to this era. The excavations and artifacts viewed across the entire area of interest, and studied in great detail, do lead them to conclusions. Manjul explained: “The purpose of the present excavation at 4MSR is to learn about the Early Harappan deposits, 4MSR’s relationship with other contemporary sites and to fill the gap between the Late Harappan phase and the painted grey ware [PGW] culture. Both graduated to ceramics about the same time. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. We should know about the early farming phase [that existed in the pre-Harappan period]. [23][18][24][3], While the Early Harappan Phase was proposed to start at ca. Answer: 1. I have collected a couple of Leiden Lectures (University of Leiden) by Reinhard Dittmann which summarize the Harappan Civilization (actually the Indus Valley Civilization). However, the similarity of the settlements suggests a high level of social control and leadership. Cities of the ancient Indus Valley had multistory brick buildings, employed an advanced sanitation system, and used a unified system of weight and measurement. [23] This proposal is supported by Sarkar et al. Beginnings of Village Farming Communities and Pastoral camps, Developed Village Farming Communities and Pastoral camps, Transition from Early Harappan to Mature Harappan, Early Iron Age of Northern India and Pakistan, S.P. [1][11], Kenoyer, and Coningham & Young, provide an overview of developmental phases of India in which the Indus Valley Civilisation and the Early Historic Period are combined. In The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. The Regionalisation Era corresponds to ca. [3], A critical feature of Shaffer's developmental framework was replacing the traditional Mesolithic/Neolithic, 'Chalcolithic'/Early Harappan, Mature Harappan and Late Harappan terminology with Eras which were intended to reflect the longer-term changes or processes which provided the platform for eventual complexity and urbanisation [...] Notably, Shaffer's categorisation also allowed scholars to frame sites such as Mehrgarh, accepted by all as partly ancestral to the Indus cities within a distinctly pervasive Indus tradition rather than lying outside a Pre-Urban or incipient urban phase. 300 BC. [9][3] Each era can be divided into various phases. Key Difference – Harappa vs Mohenjo-daro Harappa and Mohenjo-daro can be considered as two of the greatest civilizations of the Indus valley between which a key difference can be identified in terms of the geographical positioning. The Harappan Civilisation has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC.The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. At its peak, the Indus Valley Civilization may had a population of over five million people. The Harappan culture cannot be studied as a homogeneous cultural phenomena as the cultural assemblages are varied, and include the Pre/Early-Harappan between 3500-2500 BC; Mature Harappan between 2500-2000 BC and the Post/Late Harappan after 2000 BC. 88. The Post-Harappan Jhukar Ware is seen to be an outgrowth of the Mature Harappan (Fairservis, 1975). Sumerian Influence in Predynastic Egypt, 246. [2], A "similar framework" as Shaffer's has been used by Rita Wright, looking at the Indus "through a prism influenced by the archaeology of Mesopotamia," using the terms Early Food Producing Phase, Pre-Urban Phase, Urban Phase and Post-Urban Phase. The Mature Harappan . 2. "[8] This classification is primarily based on Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, assuming an evolutionary sequence. d. Harappan civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and1900 BCE. The next step, also found at the Mehrgarh site, but at different levels, is Early Harappan. Figure 5 compares the percentages of lower and higher morphotypes between the Early and Mature Harappan periods. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EARLY HARAPPAN CULTURES AND MATURE HARAPPANS CULTURES. While the site of Mohenjo-daro is located in the Punjab region, Harappa is located in the Sindh province.This is one of the key differences.