The war which followed the uprising was cruel and heavy in losses for both sides. The deeply ambivalent rabbinical position regarding Messianism, as expressed most famously in Maimonides "Epistle to Yemen," would seem to have its origins in the attempt to deal with the trauma of a failed Messianic uprising. [92] Several more brief sources have been uncovered in the area over the past century, including references to the revolt from Nabatea and Roman Syria. But they killed about 500,000. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in near annihilation of the Samaritan community. [8] These coins include references to "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". It is plausible that Legio IX Hispana was among the legions Severus brought with him from Europe, and that its demise occurred during Severus' campaign, as its disappearance during the second century is often attributed to this war. The Jews who were left tried to return to as normal a life as possible. In between the first one (see Jerusalem Destroyed) and this one, there was a little known conflict called the Kitos War, which was fought primarily outside Judea. One of the most dramatic archaeological discoveries is the letters written by Bar Kokhba himself (whose real name was Simeon bar Kosiba) during the revolt. The Jewish leaders carefully planned the second revolt to avoid numerous mistakes that had plagued the first Great Jewish Revolt sixty years earlier. Works on Aelia Capitolina, as Jerusalem was to be called, commenced in 131 CE. against Rome, and looms large in Jewish history for the way in which it decisively shaped the future of Judaism. Some documents seem to indicate that many of those who enlisted in Bar Kokhba's forces could only speak Greek, and it is unclear whether these were Jews or non-Jews. Imagine the incredible excitement of those involved in the discovery of the caves when they learned they had finally uncovered the final resting place of Bar-Kokhba and others who were with him. [citation needed], The ruins of Betar, the last fortress of Bar Kokhba, destroyed by Hadrian's legions in 135 CE, is located in the vicinity of the towns of Battir and Beitar Illit. ... Use complete sentences. According to Rabbinic sources some 400,000 men were at the disposal of Bar Kokhba at the peak of the rebellion,[4] though historians tend to more conservative numbers of 200,000. [83], It is generally accepted that the Bar Kokhba revolt encompassed all of Judea, namely the villages of the Judean hills, the Judean desert, and northern parts of the Negev desert. Vol. [22] The common view that the name change was intended to "sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland" is disputed. vii.13. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the Temple, but the Jews felt betrayed when they found out that he intended to build a temple dedicated to Jupiter upon the ruins of the Second Temple. Initially, the they took the Romans by surprise and scored some early successes. [57], According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in the overall operations, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages were razed to the ground,[58] with many more Jews dying of famine and disease. The Bar Kokhba revolt (Hebrew: מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא ‎; Mered Bar Kokhba) was a rebellion of the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire.Fought circa 132–136 CE, it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is also known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt. [70] The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic Galilee earthquake of 363, and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. The failed Bar Kokhba revolt, which is marked today by Jews around the world with the holiday of Lag Ba’omer, itself celebrated with bonfires, was one of the most traumatic events in the history of the Jewish people, a history with no shortage of traumatic events. Enraged, Bar Kokhba confronted the elderly Rabbi Elazar, kicking him and causing his death. [8] The best recognized source for the revolt is Cassius Dio, Roman History (book 69),[3][90] even though the writings of the Roman historian concerning the Bar Kokhba revolt survived only as fragments. [79] However, their autonomy was brief: the Jewish leader was shortly assassinated during a Christian revolt and, though Jerusalem was reconquered by Persians and Jews within 3 weeks, it fell into anarchy. And disdain turned to outrage when Hadrian, a well known Hellenist, outlawed circumcision the following year in 131, which he viewed as mutilation. Hostilities broke out in 132. The defense system of Judean towns and villages was based mainly on hideout caves, which were created in large numbers in almost every population center. ), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFeldman1990 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobson2001 (, Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." The remaining Jews were angered with all this and in 132 AD a revolt erupted again, led by Simon Bar Kokhba (also known as the Third Romano-Jewis War). [52] According to Jewish tradition, the fortress was breached and destroyed on the fast of Tisha B'av, the ninth day of the lunar month Av, a day of mourning for the destruction of the First and the Second Jewish Temple. He first reconquered the Galilee to cut the Romans off from the sea. More than just a leader, a well respected rabbi. The outbreak and initial success of the rebellion took the Romans by surprise. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched yet another revolt, provoking heavy retribution. Next to the camp, archaeologists have unearthed the remnants of a triumphal arch, which featured a dedication to Emperor Hadrian, which most likely refers to the defeat of Bar Kokhba's army. Bar Kokhba embraced this possibility and took the title Nasi Israel (prince of Israel). Rabbinical literature ascribes the defeat to Bar Kokhba killing his maternal uncle, Rabbi Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him of collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection. [14] The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a genocide. Bar Kokhba There are some hints in Rabbinical sources concerning the characteristics and personality of Bar Kokhba who was the military leader of the Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire. [68] The Sages endeavoured to halt Jewish dispersal, and even banned emigration from Palestine, branding those who settled outside its borders as idolaters.[68]. '"[63] Some argue that the exceptional number of preserved Roman veteran diplomas from the late 150s and 160 CE indicate an unprecedented conscription across the Roman Empire to replenish heavy losses within military legions and auxiliary units between 133 and 135, corresponding to the revolt. By that time the number of Roman troops in Judea stood at nearly 80,000 - a number still inferior to rebel forces, who were also better familiar with the terrain and occupied strong fortifications. [16] Roman casualties were also considered heavy – XXII Deiotariana was disbanded after serious losses. Alas, Josephus was dead at the time of the second revolt led by Bar Kosiba. Cave of Horror is the name given to Cave 8 in the Judaean Desert of Israel, where the remains of Jewish refugees from the Bar Kokhba revolt were found. [54] The Jerusalem Talmud relates that the number of dead in Betar was enormous, that the Romans "went on killing until their horses were submerged in blood to their nostrils."[55]. The sacred scrolls of Judaism were ceremonially burned at the large Temple complex for Jupiter which he built on the Temple Mount. [84], Until 1951, Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage was the sole archaeological evidence for dating the revolt. Bar-Kokhba united his army in Judea and led the Jews in battle. ... Maccabean revolt. Lindsay Powell's book, The Bar Kokhba War AD 132–135 tells the story of the last Jewish revolt over the Roman Empire. [46] The name Bar Kokhba does not appear in the Talmud but in ecclesiastical sources. [51] Additional finds at Tel Shalem, including a bust of Emperor Hadrian, specifically link the site to the period. The Second Jewish Revolt against the Roman dominion (132-135 CE) considerably changed the political and cultural landscape of Jewish Palestine. In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery. Despite arrival of significant Roman reinforcements from Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, initial rebel victories over the Romans established an independent state over most parts of Judea Province for over two years, as Simon bar Kokhba took the title of Nasi ("prince"). ←Humus sapiens←Talk 01:21, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC) Sexuality. Byzantine control of the region was finally lost to Muslim Arab armies in 637 CE, when Umar ibn al-Khattab completed the conquest of Akko. However, bar Kokhba obviously was not the messiah because things didn't turn out any better for the Jews in this war than in the first. 3, "Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean–Aramaic Papyri", edited Yigael Yadin, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, W. Eck, 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: the Roman point of view' in the, Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban of Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration', in. Later on it is proposed by some historians that Legio XXII Deiotariana was sent from Arabia Petraea, but was ambushed and massacred on its way to Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem), and possibly disbanded as a result. [60] In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery.[14]. The cave systems were often interconnected and used not only as hideouts for the rebels but also for storage and refuge for their families. More than just a leader, a well respected rabbi, Akiva ben Yosef posited the possibility that bar Kokhba was the Jewish messiah. After losing many of their strongholds, Bar Kokhba and the remnants of his army withdrew to the fortress of Betar, which subsequently came under siege in the summer of 135. His independent kingdom lasted for three years before being crushed through great Roman effort. According to a Rabbinic midrash, the Romans executed eight leading members of the Sanhedrin (The list of Ten Martyrs include two earlier Rabbis): R. Akiva; R. Hanania ben Teradion; the interpreter of the Sanhedrin, R. Huspith; R. Eliezer ben Shamua; R. Hanina ben Hakinai; R. Jeshbab the Scribe; R. Yehuda ben Dama; and R. Yehuda ben Baba. The primary non-Jewish sources are an epitome of Cassius Dio’s Roman History and a handful of lines by the ecclesiastical historian Eusebius, the bishop of Caesarea. Many houses utilized underground hideouts, where Judean rebels hoped to withstand Roman superiority by the narrowness of the passages and even ambushes from underground. The Roman victory, however, was won at great cost.The last decade has seen some stunning developments in research on the Bar Kokhba War. [1] In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or Ancient Israel, Emperor Hadrian wiped the name off the map and replaced it with Syria Palaestina. Doing so will allow us to determine the similarity of the Bar Kokhba revolt to Roman provincial revolts in general. Hostilities broke out in 132. Edited by Peter Schäfer. Inside one of the caves, burned wood was found which was dated to the time of the revolt. There were several differences though between this fight and the first war. [61][62] The Greco-Roman population of the region also suffered severely during the early stage of the revolt, persecuted by Bar Kokhba's forces. The Jerusalem Talmud contains descriptions of the results of the rebellion, including the Roman executions of Judean leaders. In 39 AD Emperor Caligula decreed that his statue be placed in every temple of the Empire, including the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, which offended Jewish religious sensibilities. The Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva, who was the spiritual leader of the revolt,[45] identified Simon Bar Kosiba as the Jewish messiah, and gave him the surname "Bar Kokhba" meaning "Son of a Star" in the Aramaic language, from the Star Prophecy verse from Numbers 24:17: "There shall come a star out of Jacob". Onias III … Galilee became an important center of Rabbinic Judaism, where the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in the 4th-5th centuries CE. By early 136 however, it is clear that the revolt was defeated. Ancient Roman historian Dio Cassius, one of the few sources we … Eccl." Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135) - The Bar Kokhba revolt was the conclusion of the wars between the Romans and the Jews. - Eventually, the Roman army took back Jerusalem from the Jews. [93], The Cave of Letters was surveyed in explorations conducted in 1960-61, when letters and fragments of papyri were found dating back to the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt. The end came at the fortress of Betar. The Bar Kochba Revolt: A Disaster Celebrated by Zionists on Lag Ba'Omer . It was concluded that the Legion was disbanded between 120 and 197 CE - either as a result of fighting the Bar Kokhba revolt, or in Cappadocia (161), or at the Danube (162). Killing more than half a million Jews and destroying almost a thousand villages, the Bar Kochba Revolt (132-35) was a major event in Jewish history and a blotch on the reputation of the good emperor Hadrian.The revolt was named for a man called Shimon, on coins, Bar Kosibah, on papyrus, Bar Kozibah, on rabbinic literature, and Bar Kokhba, in Christian writing. They are, for the most part, military dispatches and they confirm the historicity of the revolt while casting light on the nature of the administration of Judea by the rebels. All told, Bar Kokhba ruled in Jerusalem for two and a half years, with minted coins commemorating his rule. The revolt is mostly still shrouded in mystery, and only one brief historical account of the rebellion survives. This revolt began as small, spontaneous clashes between Jews and Roman forces. According to some historians, Bar Kokhba's army mostly practiced guerrilla warfare, inflicting heavy casualties. “Immediately after the Bar-Kokhba revolt, the Romans decided to abolish the province of Judea and to obliterate any mention of its name,” Yasur-Landau and Gambash explain. But more importantly, this movement had a leader. [3] A rabbinic version of this story claims that Hadrian planned on rebuilding the Temple, but that a malevolent Samaritan convinced him not to. 2, "Greek Papyri", edited by Naphtali Lewis; "Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions", edited by. In the compound republic of america, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Inside the water system, supporting walls built by the rebels were discovered, and another system of caves was found. According to Lamentations Rabbah, the head of Bar Kokhba was presented to Emperor Hadrian after the Siege of Betar. The Israel Antiques Authority's archaeologists Moran Hagbi and Dr. Joe Uziel speculated that "It is possible that a Roman soldier from the Tenth Legion found the coin during one of the battles across the country and brought it to their camp in Jerusalem as a souvenir. The imperial coinage pronounced the aduentus of the Emperor to be a cheerful and blessed event in much the same terms as in other parts of the Empire.' Three potsherds with the names of three of the deceased were also found alongside the skeletons in the cave. David Ussishkin: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 19:37. [13] They note that, unlike the aftermath of the First Jewish–Roman War chronicled by Josephus, the Jewish population of Judea was devastated after the Bar Kokhba Revolt,[13] being killed, exiled, or sold into slavery, and Jewish religious and political authority was suppressed far more brutally than before. [65] Legio X Fretensis sustained heavy casualties during the revolt. [citation needed] Hadrian's death in 138 CE marked a significant relief to the surviving Jewish communities. [citation needed]. Deleted this entire section - it anachronistically describes Hadrian as making it clear he was 'gay', a category that didn't exist at the time, and its only source is a … At this Temple, he installed two statues, one of Jupiter, another of himself. "Jews and Samaritans", The military and militarism in Israeli society, "Roman Legion Camp Unearthed in Megiddo - Inside Israel - News - Arutz Sheva", 'New Insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a Reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12-13,', WATCH: 2,000-YEAR-OLD INSCRIPTION DEDICATED TO ROMAN EMPEROR UNVEILED IN JERUSALEM, "The Dates used during the Bar Kokhba Revolt", Wars between the Jews and Romans: Simon ben Kosiba (130-136 CE), Archaeologists find tunnels from Jewish revolt against Romans, Second Temple / Ezra's Temple / Herod's Temple, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&oldid=999356349, Articles with dead external links from December 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 200,000 Jewish militiamen killed or enslaved, Large-scale destruction of Judean population by Roman troops, Suppression of Jewish religious and political autonomy by Hadrian, Vol. "[87], Among those findings are the rebel hideout systems in the Galilee, which greatly resemble the Bar Kokhba hideouts in Judea, and though are less numerous, are nevertheless important. [41] The claim is often considered suspect.[42][43]. Simon Bar Kokhba took the title Nasi Israel and ruled over an entity that was virtually independent for two and a half years. The Age of Persecution. [1], According to some views, one of the crucial battles of the war took place near Tel Shalem in the Beit She'an valley, near what is now identified as the legionary camp of Legio VI Ferrata. Many Jews from the diaspora made their way to Judea to join Bar Kokhba's forces from the beginning of the rebellion, with the Talmud recorded tradition that hard tests were imposed on recruits due to the inflated number of volunteers. Shalev-Hurvitz, V. Oxford University Press 2015. p235, "Ancient Inscription Identifies Gargilius Antiques as Roman Ruler on Eve of Bar Kochva Revolt", A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, "Roman provincial coin of Hadrian [image]", "The Bar Kochba Revolt: A Disaster Celebrated by Zionists on Lag Ba'Omer", "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple", Evans, J.A.S. Factors Leading to the Maccabean Revolt (Part 1) Early in his reign, Antiochus IV Epiphanes was involved in a dispute over the high priesthood in Jerusalem. [40] Were the claim true it has been conjectured that Hadrian, as a Hellenist, would have viewed circumcision as an undesirable form of mutilation. [7] The proximate reasons seem to be the construction of a new city, Aelia Capitolina, over the ruins of Jerusalem and the erection of a temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount. Posts about Bar Kokhba revolt written by michelinewalker. Judea would not be a center of Jewish religious, cultural, or political life again until the modern era, although Jews continued to sporadically populate it and important religious developments still took place there. The discovery of the Cave of Letters in the Dead Sea area, dubbed as "Bar Kokhba archive",[91] which contained letters actually written by Bar Kokhba and his followers, has added much new primary source data, indicating among other things that either a pronounced part of the Jewish population spoke only Greek or there was a foreign contingent among Bar Kokhba's forces, accounted for by the fact that his military correspondence was, in part, conducted in Greek. It was also among the key events to differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism. [b] – according to Rabbinic sources[4]. [71] Julian's support of Judaism caused Jews to call him "Julian the Hellene". Legio III Cyrenaica was the main force to execute this last phase of the campaign. There are few sources about Bar-Kokhba. [53] The horrendous scene after the city's capture could be best described as a massacre. - At first, Simeon Bar Kochba and his Jewish army successfully defeated the Romans in battle. The second one is that of the minimalists, who restrict the revolt to the area of the Judaean hills and immediate environs. Yet as victories go, Simon Bar Kochba's was a Pyrrhic one. The governor of Judea, Tineius Rufus, performed the foundation ceremony, which involved ploughing over the designated city limits. [73][74], During the 5th and the 6th centuries, a series of Samaritan revolts broke out across the Palaestina Prima province. - Emperor Hadrian was forced to send a new general from Rome to crush the Jewish army in Judea. Several archaeological surveys have been performed during the 20th and 21st centuries in ruins of Jewish villages across Judea and Samaria, as well in the Roman-dominated cities on the Israeli coastal plain. Tensions continued to build up in the wake of the Kitos War, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean during 115–117, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea. He expressed sympathy for the plight of the Jews and made a promise to rebuild their temple. The 2013 discovery of the military camp of Legio VI Ferrata near Tel Megiddo,[89] and ongoing excavations there may shed light to extension of the rebellion to the northern valleys. Behistun Inscription. This raised the hopes of the Jewish people initially. [75] It is likely that the Samaritan revolt of 556 was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered brutal suppression of their religion under Emperor Justinian.[76][77][78]. Reverse: COL[ONIA] AEL[IA] CAPIT[OLINA] COND[ITA] ('The founding of Colonia Aelia Capitolina'). One of them is maximalists, who claim that the revolt spread through the entire Judea Province and beyond it into neighboring provinces. The reference to a malevolent Samaritan is, however, a familiar device of Jewish literature. This view is largely supported by Cassius Dio, who wrote that the revolt began with covert attacks in line with preparation of hideout systems, though after taking over the fortresses Bar Kokhba turned to direct engagement due to his superiority in numbers. Samaria partially supported the revolt, with evidence accumulating that notable numbers of Samaritan youths participated in Bar Kokhba's campaigns; though Roman wrath was directed at Samaritans, their cities were also largely spared from the total destruction unleashed on Judea. In 133/4, Severus landed in Judea with a massive army, bringing three legions from Europe (including Legio X Gemina and possibly also Legio IX Hispana), cohorts of additional legions and between 30 and 50 auxiliary units. [13][15] Schäfer suggests that Dio exaggerated his numbers. Hadrian renamed the region Syria Palaestina (Palestine today) in an attempt to dissuade future generations of Jews from reclaiming it. The revolt was well planned, and the Romans were taken by surprise as the Jews stormed the city. [85], In 2020, the fourth Bar Kokhba minted coin and the first inscribed with the word "Jerusalem" was found in Jerusalem Old City excavations. In 132, a revolt led by Bar Kokhba quickly spread from Modi'in across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem. As well as leading the revolt, he was regarded by many Jews as the Messiah, who would restore their national independence. This thesis will explore the immediate causes of the Bar Kokhba revolt and compare them to other provincial revolts in the Roman Empire. [86] Despite this discovery, the Israel Antiques Authority still maintained the opinion that Jerusalem was not taken by the rebels, due to the fact that of thousands of Bar Kokhba coins had been found outside Jerusalem, but only four within the city (out of more than 22,000 found within the city). Gargilius Antiques may have preceded Rufus during the 120s. The stage was set for another confrontation. He prohibited Torah law and the Hebrew calendar, and executed Judaic scholars. [10] Quintus Tineius Rufus, the provincial governor at the time of the erupting uprising, was attributed with the failure to subdue its early phase. In 438 CE, when the Empress Eudocia removed the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site, the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" Kingdom lasted for three years before being crushed through Great Roman effort the caves burned... 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