This concept of empowerment without public participation is unimaginable. It is necessary to note that more than 400 assistance seekers have been trained in ATEK design and more than half of them were empowered. Hence central planning for FHH empowerment in Iran, need to increasing financial and human recourses, and the government could not afford it. (2005, February 15). Devising coherent policies and programs for women's empowerment requires careful attention, because external agencies/bodies tend to be positioned with "power-over" target populations. Washington, DC: ICRW. 2-Social and cultural empowerment of the assistance seekers: • promoting level of knowledge, technical and vocational skills and life skills in assistance seeker (by creation of necessary facilities for the assistance seekers in order to continue studies and necessary coordination so that her education and training don’t damage her work and care of the children). Oxfam Gender Training Manual. 1 with own children under the age of 18 in the household 2 without own children under the age of 18 in the household. World Bank Living Standard Measurement Study. Number of such households with incomes below the poverty level. 43/76993 by Ministry of the Interior. For example, although 85% of 365 households studied in the Senegal River Valley were described as being "male-headed", 47% of all households were without an adult male head who was present. (6 marks) January 2006 Attention was also given to building the capacity of fledgling NGOs; however, most NGOs avoided taking on the issues in an overtly political manner, and opted instead to lay the in civil society (Women’s Rights and Democracy:Peaceful Transformation in Iran, 2006). Poverty in Female-Headed Households: Theory and Evidence Buvinic and Gupta (1997) identify three channels that are likely to determine why female-headed households are poorer than male-headed counterparts. of female­ and male­headed households to BOX 5.1 Differences in Needs and Equivalence Scales Global poverty estimates use data on consumption or income per capita to measure poverty. Gender differentials in household structure and socioeconomic characteristics in South Africa.(Report). ‘Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women and Girls: A Policy Review’. but at the same time promotes a rather instrumentalist view of empowerment; Investing in women's capabilities and empowering them to exercise their choices is not only valuable in itself but is also the surest way to contribute to economic growth and overall development.Hence central planning for FHH empowerment in Iran, need to increasing financial and human recourses, and the government could not afford it. Moghadam, V. (2005). Women and girls are the main managers of household food production but underlying gender biases put them in a much more disadvantaged position relative to men and boys. Motie, N. (2004). Girls and women in poor households bear a disproportionate share of the work and responsibility of feeding and caring for family members through unpaid household work. Finally as a case study "Seddiqin charity institution" is chosen to analyze and we explain its function and influence on FHH empowerment. Samadi, N. (2009, October 11). Q: please explain to me why we should Come prepared with specific question or concepts to review before... A: As a student we should be always ask question. One of the most important NGOs emerged in Khatami Era is Sedighin charity institution. Some of them also brought their young children to work. It relates to how can individuals can recognize through analyzing their experience how power operates in their lives, and gain the confidence to act to influence and change this. These objectives were carried out in a national probability sample of female-headed single parent households. Some claim that female-headed households are linked to problems such as delinquency. In urban Latin America, for example, households headed by women rose by a mean of 9.8 percentage points between the late 1980s and the end of the first decade of the 21 st century (Chant, 2013). In Iran, On the basis of census of 2006, more than 1,641,000(9.45%) households headed by the women have been identified. Female-headed households (FHHs) tend to be discussed as vulnerable groups, but its vulnerabilities are also being questioned in Tanzania, and … Female headed households are most susceptible to poverty because they have fewer income earners to provide financial support within the household. Individuals who stay with the household and were absent while the survey was conducted for Household income: Household Income and Expenditure Survey These are: (a) the expansion of female-headed households, (b) the persistence and consequences of intra-household inequalities and bias against women and girls, and (c) the implementation of neoliberal economic policies around the world. Dwyer, D., & Bruce, J. Oxford: Oxford University Press. These NGOs observe empowerment in various aspect such as Education (Life skills, job oriented, health, and law), Entrepreneurship (job loan, technical aids), counseling and employment. However, proportions consumed were lower as compared to households in rural areas. Oxaal, Z., & Baden, S. (1997). Rogers, B. L. (1995). There is signifi-cant variation by region: the proportion of households headed by a female ranges from a low of 7 percent Female headed-households are more at risk of food insecurity due to the very few female work opportunities. 14.06 Women heads of households out of the entire number, (9.4%) are employed and 86% are not directly active in job market and have another way for earning money. Among the main causes are male migration, the deaths of males in civil conflicts and wars, unpatented adolescent fertility and family disruption. “Women and Empowerment. In addition to the requisite analysis above, a thorough analysis of the special housing needs of female-headed households should consider: Number of female-headed households. Both capture a gender dimension of poverty but in distinct ways. For example, studies on the impact of micro-finance on female clients, and on the economic returns to capital grants for female-operated small businesses, have tended to show limited results. The aim was to help such families regain financial stability. However, the share of female-headed households among food insecure households is not greater (20.7 %) than the share of female-headed households in the population (23.7 %) suggesting that food insecurity may not be more severe for female-headed households than male-headed households. (2002). This plan can be implemented on the basis of cooperation of the organizations, foundations, and nongovernmental associations. that are underscored in the women-in-development or gender-and-development (WID/GAD) literature. This foundation is supported by Iranian government and also receives the Islamic taxes of Khums and Zakat, as well as voluntaries aids. This means that despite the enormous budget allocated to women headed households practically between 20 and 30 dollars has been paid as pension to every household. UNICEF. USAID. Feminization is a process; higher poverty is a state. Retrieved April 2010, 23, from Imam Khomeini relife committee: http://www.emdad.ir/gozareshat/files/s/1387/fasle3.pdf. Q: Where does the collective consciousness come from? The process of asking questions allows us to articula... Q: How is sociological imagination fundamental to feminist thought? Chart 3:Number of persons in households with female head based on age group of head of household-2006 (Population Statistics, 2008). Retrieved April 2010, 22, from http://www.seddighin.com/fapage.aspx?5. (s. c. Iran, Producer, & statistical center of Iran) Retrieved 4 30, 2010, from statistical center of Iran Web site: http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=F&no=262987&S=TP. This section compares the 50 most populous of those to each other and the United States. It is administered to women only. • Promoting suitable relation level in the family (by providing the opportunity for the these persons to use pilgrimage and tourism trips with their families as well as holding classes for increasing skill of relationship with family member), • Promoting social interactions in accordance with social customs. Villages where the P2P program was 5. IRANIAN FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS. The Imam Khomeini Relief Committee covered 1023773 female headed households with 1997995 members in 2008. • Promoting social identity and active participation of the assistance seeker in social activities (by providing the opportunities for the assistance seeker to have social participation in addition to work). 4. Civil Society and Iranian Politics. (4 marks) January 2006. c) Suggest three reasons why lone-parent families are usually headed by women. According this data these people are living under the absolute poverty line. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 31 per cent of rural households are headed by women, while in Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia, women head 17 per cent, and 14 per cent, respectively. De facto female-headed households are those where a man’s name is given as the household head, but in fact a woman acts as the head as the man is absent most of the time. The Filipino Women in Focus . Sometimes, in reaction t... Q: Which social changes do we need in our society? Normal households, according gender and age of head of households and the number of people in household: Persian date Aban 1385. This 60 $ is paid to the woman who has five members in her household.Otherwise, to single person or small household as pension 32 dollars are paid. Find answers to questions asked by student like you. New York: Brill. 3. According to Imam Khomeini Relief Committee 29 percent of households below the poverty line are households with female head. Almost all of the children that participated in the study went to school, and none of them were school dropouts. • making effort to make the assistance seeker independent (self employment) It is necessary to note that this plan can be generalized in the country and be implemented in many other countries with partial differences commensurate with customs of the countries. (Women headed households become poorer and more every day, 2005). Welfare: this addresses only the basic needs of women, without recognizing or attempting to solve the underlying structural causes which necessitate provision of welfare services. (Namazi, 2002), Most were linked to the state, and many were abolished after the revolution. Women's empowerment has five components:  women's sense of self-worth; their right to have and to determine choices; their right to have access to opportunities and resources; their right to have the power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home; and their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order, nationally and internationally. Case Study: "Sedighin" charity institution in Iran, Research Scholar, Heidelberg University, Germany, http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ILO-Thesaurus/english/tr3578.htm, http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1149220, http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=53514. New York:: UN. A: Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language,... Q: It is a picture that shows the location of things or places. In this framework, the empowerment approach emphasized on mobilizing the self-help efforts of the poor, rather than providing them with social welfare. According chart 3, the majority of families headed by women consist of one member, who has been widowed at the age of 60 and over. They must also recognize the role that women themselves often play in reinforcing the system that restricts their growth. (2 marks) January 2006 b) Suggest two ways in which marriage and cohabitation are becoming increasingly similar. But most of FHH are living under poverty line. Table 3: Mangers and Board of Sedighin Charity (Seddighin Charity Website). Development must be by people, not only for them. (1996). ( Miller , 2001, p. 45 or page , italics added for empahsis) Field Note: A British intelligence specialist told me "The United Kingdom doesn't have a gang problem like the problem in the United States." Urban Social Change Review, , 28-36. On the basis of statistics in 1976, 1986, 1996, families managed by women have comprised of 7.1, 7.3 and 8.4% of the total Iranian families respectively. Women headed households become poorer and more every day. This issue affects old women more. Women Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the form of charities that provide services such as food, medication, and education, became formally recognized entities in the aftermath of the 1906 constitutional revolution (Kazemi, 1996). The literacy rate or levels of education of women’s heads of household is far lower than that of men. They generally dealt with poor women and single-parent families, offering grants or self-employment loans. Moreover 174000 women headed households are covered by Behzisti (welfare organization) in 2010. More than 50% of the families managed by women are in the first and second deciles i.e. ‘From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse’. Similarly, in seven out of nine countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America, female-headed households were less likely to use credit than male-headed households . It is necessary to note that this sample can be generalized in Iran and be implemented in many developing countries with partial differences commensurate with customs of the countries. These actions led to employment of many assistance seekers covered by the institute. Women are able to make decisions regarding their lives and the lives of their children and play an active role in the development process. Similarly, female-headed households were more likely to use charcoal but in lower proportions as compared to male-headed households (Table 6). Ultimately, it is based on socially sanctioned threats of violence and intimidation, it requires constant vigilance to maintain, and it invites active and passive resistance; This power relates to having decision-making authority, power to solve problems and can be creative and enabling; This power involves people organizing with a common purpose or common understanding to achieve collective goals; This power refers to self confidence, self awareness and assertiveness. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Hence this fact can be observed that the lowest number of female headed households were in households with seven or more members. The increasing number of female-headed households has caught the attention of both researchers and politicians .In this section, the policies that made by Iranian government about FHH's welfare has been analyzed and evaluated. Since 88 percent of all single parent families are headed by women (Statistical Abstract 1989 t67), the study of female-headed single parent families is particularly needed. Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). Newyork: The Macmillan co. Namazi, B. Assets, Expectations, and Children's Educational Achievement in Female-Headed Households. Single Female as a percentage of households … (Law of the Fourth social,economic and cultural development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2004), But actually monthly pension of women heads of households has been remained on level of 10 to 20 percent annual minimum wage since the first year of plan. Sedighin Charity Institute is seeking the solution for problems of the supervising women in Iran through empowerment.Sedighin Charity Institute suggests some plans and methods for removing deprivation from this class all of which are summarized in empowering process. 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