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the newspaper as an edited work in a specific format (e.g. The fact that this test again depends on speakers' judgments about relatedness, however, means that this test for polysemy is not infallible, but is rather merely a helpful conceptual aid. Polysemy (/ p ə ˈ l ɪ s ɪ m i / or / ˈ p ɒ l ɪ s iː m i /; from Greek: πολύ-, polý-, "many" and σῆμα, sêma, "sign") is the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field.Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often … %����
One group of polysemes are those in which a word meaning an activity, perhaps derived from a verb, acquires the meanings of those engaged in the activity, or perhaps the results of the activity, or the time or place in which the activity occurs or has occurred. endobj
in biology; and … Lexical analysis of polysemy in Owere Igbo / Christie Omego (p. 565-580). Madugu 1976), as is Kenyang, a Southern Bantoid language of … <>
A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses. In linear or vertical polysemy, one sense of a word is a subset of the other. Hino, Y., Pexman, P.M., & Lupker, S.J. Òsun across the Waters continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting … Proceedings of ACL-97. For Dick Hebdige[13] polysemy means that, "each text is seen to generate a potentially infinite range of meanings," making, according to Richard Middleton,[14] "any homology, out of the most heterogeneous materials, possible. Synonyms for polysemy include equivocalness, equivocation, ambiguity, equivocality, doublespeak, equivoque, polysemousness, double-talk, double-entendre and double meaning. In deciding between polysemy or homonymy, it might be necessary to look at the history of the word to see if the two meanings are historically related. This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. I98 I). ���xwַ�B[����Ŵ�E�Q�h�R��iS�fY�2j�l�� �)���i�� Though, situated within the Ekiti dialect extraction of Yoruba speaking language area, Àhàn is a distinct language from Yorùbá. MAUREEN WARNER-LEWIS Yoruba settlement in Trinidad The casting adrift of the Yoruba to the Americas began with the intense political jockeying and civil unrest in the Yoruba Empire and outlying Yoruba-speaking kingdoms of West Africa from the close of the eighteenth century and throughout most of the nineteenth. --Lexical analysis of polysemy in … rǞ'�a��1h0~�����B��'|�݈ �;���_u�@�(IY(,i���!���6���5���n�s���?�5qH���x�bd��"�6�i�z�f�. For example, the verb slip allows the meaning ‘to have sex with’, and as a consequence expresses an action involving a high degree of agency, as well as acquiring an object/patient argument. Ã'sun presents a dynamic example of the resilience and renewed importance of traditional Yoruba images in negotiating spiritual experience, social identity, and political power in contemporary Africa Examples from Classical Literature It is sufficient that the ambiguity was such as to deceive the friends of the Cyclops. Polysemy in Language "Sports Illustrated can be bought for 1 dollar or 35 million dollars; the first is something you can read and later start a fire with, the second is a particular company that produces the magazine you just read. There are several tests for polysemy, but one of them is zeugma: if one word seems to exhibit zeugma when applied in different contexts, it is likely that the contexts bring out different polysemes of the same word. The indivisibility of [a-] in standard Yoruba / Oye Taiwo (p. 557-564). Early accounts treated polysemy in terms of sense enumeration: each sense of a polysemous expression is represented individually in the lexicon, such that polysemy and homonymy were treated on a par. Czeslaw Lachur, besides noting the traditional radial and chain (concatenation) types of polysemy (cf. These are examples of hyponymy and hypernymy, and are sometimes called autohyponyms. 2 0 obj
Contributors to the ground-breaking Africa's Ogun, edited by Sandra Barnes (Indiana University Press, 1997), explored the complex nature of Ogun, the orisa who transforms life through iron and technology. It is certainly possible to hypothesize that direct object anaphors are assigned a feature that somehow induces reciprocal … ��MP��P��G���]a�E�i~�J(�u\_�ĩ%��Ԯں�i���i�fε��7l9�g���)4F����L�eK�!$��r��c��i̪8~6��ɬy��Z�#N� �Y7��"w�9�J�b�P For example, approximately two-thirds of the languages of the world use a single term to designate both "wood" and "tree" (Witkowski, Brown, and ... (Brown and Witkowski 1983). ii. Hino, Y., Kusunose, Y., & Lupker, S.J. Ã’sun across the Waters continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting … Another clarification of polysemy is the idea of predicate transfer[18]—the reassignment of a property to an object that would not otherwise inherently have that property. Contributors to the ground-breaking Africa's Ogun, edited by Sandra Barnes (Indiana University Press, 1997), explored the complex nature of Ogun, the orisa who transforms life through iron and technology. Having shown that some aspects of the semantic network are universal, we next ask whether the observed heterogeneous degrees of polysemy, possibly a manifestation of varying densities of near conceptual neighbors, arise as artifacts of language family structure in our sample, or if they are inherent to the … The Boby in Yoruba-A Linguistic Study Mark Dingemanse. a type of construction equipment which looks like it has a long neck. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
The default interpretation of the bare verb stem is the past tense. phrasal verb is concerned, looking specifically at the considerations of polysemy, homonymy and ambiguity It considers, again, the features of transitivity, complementation and their effects on the meaning of phrasal verbs. Some apparently unrelated words share a common historical origin, however, so etymology is not an infallible test for polysemy, and dictionary writers also often defer to speakers' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology. D. When, if ever, can we know something with absolute certainty? Integrating symbolic and statistical representations: The lexicon pragmatic interface. POLYSEMY consists in a variety of semantic relations through which meanings of words extend or shift so that a single word has two or more related meanings, as with nickel (the coin) and nickel (the metal). Examples include: "the hyacinth purple, and white, and blue, Which flung Capacity for a sign to have multiple related meanings, "Polysemia" redirects here. This avoids incorrect polysemous interpretations of "parked": that "people can be parked", or that "I am pretending to be a car", or that "I am something that can be parked". <>>>
A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules. Sometimes only one of those meanings is intended, depending on context, and sometimes multiple meanings are intended at the same time. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that homonyms and polysemes are represented differently within people's mental lexicon: while the different meanings of homonyms (which are semantically unrelated) tend to interfere or compete with each other during comprehension, this does not usually occur for the polysemes that have semantically related meanings. �t��h (2010). The different meanings can be combined in a single sentence, e.g. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 15-68. Examples. endobj
Suit yourself and wear a suit. Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. Provide examples? For it, he drew on Renaissance technical terms, derivations, compounds, archaisms, polysemy, etymological meanings, and idioms. If the two senses of the same word do not seem to fit, yet seem related, then it is likely that they are polysemous. The Yoruba example even permits a literal interpretation, ‘their bodies’. An Archaeology of the Aesthetic: Slavery and Politics at the Jesuit Vineyards of Nasca - Volume 31 Issue 1 He was Chesterfieldian in conventional politeness, and as smooth as Talleyrand in ambiguity of speech. Polysemy (/pəˈlɪsɪmi/ or /ˈpɒlɪsiːmi/;[1][2] from Greek: πολύ-, polý-, "many" and σῆμα, sêma, "sign") is the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field. other examples of polysemy (Witkowski et al. "John used to work for the newspaper that you are reading.". The difference between homonyms and polysemes is subtle. Contributors to the ground-breaking Africa's Ogun, edited by Sandra Barnes (Indiana University Press, 1997), explored the complex nature of Ogun, the orisa who transforms life through iron and technology. In these examples, the identity covers both the spoken and written forms, but it is possible to have partial homonymy—or heteronymy—where the identity is within a single medium, as in homophony and homography.When there is ambiguity between … Lexicographers define polysemes within a single dictionary lemma, numbering different meanings, while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata. All the words for actual snow have been removed, and I'm ignoring the extensive polysemy of snow and many of its derivatives. endobj
For example, eye and face are connected through the meaning relation "feature of," i.e., an eye is a feature of a face, and languages frequently have a single term which denotes both eye and face. "�'*���� D���r���Xw=:���7o�ċ�P�v28��bj �q�s�C��rps}I����������
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searching for Polysemy 74 found (173 total) alternate case: polysemy. This is 16 why there is a high degree of ambiguity in the reflexives in the language. �u��O/�D0�h�^O�t�����ײ �}{��8Ӓ$�?�8�FeBt�[���չ}��W�ѳ�+xT=l�_��f��� For example, the verb "to get" can mean "procure" (I'll get the drinks), "become" (she got scared), "understand" (I get it) etc. Examples and Observations "Homonyms are illustrated from the various meanings of the word bear (animal, carry) or ear (of body, of corn). ... Yoruba is one such language (e.g. This paper documents occurrences of widespread polysemy involving terms for parts of human limbs.1 For instance, many geographically and genetically unrelated languages use a single term to denote "hand" and "arm" … #�.7wά6��Ȇ�
�z�����Z,�:�٬�G:� 1τr��\�`5����(6� This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 20:56. However, the … This is supported by the morphology: "We are parked out back" does not mean that there are multiple cars; rather, that there are multiple passengers (having the property of being in possession of a car). Other types are derivations from one of the other meanings that leads to a verb or activity. (2006). Semi-productive polysemy and sense extension. Polysemy is an important phenomenon in Yorùbá, to correctly categorize a word, the context where it occurs is the determining factor. This should generate some interesting discussion and provide a good first pass at some perennial epistemological conundrums. J. Pustejovsky and B. Boguraev. Thus, the expression "I am parked out back" conveys the meaning of "parked" from "car" to the property of "I possess a car". %PDF-1.5
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�����1�&�����Z�g|C��a���jF�� "They changed the layout of the newspaper's front page"). Lexical Semantics: The Problem of Polysemy. Since eye is highly salient in many languages while face, seed and fruit are of relatively low salience, f�z3'_(�"`�����N��
��Qg{�� ������mG~����R�H�c6q����� �'8�u��&'�5CBqH�iœ�q��r,My�#�b?���sB����p.��(c��"1"C��'Ɖ����a���.G'dw$�IB�҃��Q�R�$S��Us a single physical item published by the company. Publisher: Universitet Leiden Publication date: 2006 Number of pages: ... examples 40. linguistic 39. terminology 38. partonomy 37. expressions 35. cognitive 34. principles 34. andersen 34. research 34. related 33. levels 31. constructions 29. bone 29. african 27. Research topics, theoretical tools and languages considered are quite diverse. Examples for these are given in the body … Beretta, A., Fiorentino, R., & Poeppel, D. (2005). Semantic shift can separate a polysemous word into separate homonyms. We have relations of meaning such as synonymy and antonymy, polysemy and homonymy, ways of organizing the vocabulary. [3] For example, 'dog' can be used for 'male dog'. 1a) Àwọn obìnrin-náà rí ara wọn (Yoruba ID1912) ... Ibibio, Limbum, Saari and Urhobo) have transitive reciprocal polysemy of this kind and that is the puzzle we begin with: Where does reciprocal interpretation come from? (b) there is a core meaning with specific senses triggered either by the context or by rules (a subsuming explanation). a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins' definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of the 'outer' one.[15]. Meaning and the interpretation of signs and symbols / Olufunmilayo M Ogunkeye (p. 581-592). "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry."). ... Elegua is the name for the … --Code-switching among Yoruba/English bilinguals & its implications for teaching ... a study of the language of SMS text messages / Mbuk A. Utuk (pages 303-310). Such polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity (He left the bank five minutes ago, He left the bank five years ago).Sometimes dictionaries use history to decide … Proper argument projection in Igbo and Yoruba. ?sun across the Waters continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting ?sun … Òsun is a brilliant deity whose imagery and worldwide devotion demand broad and deep scholarly reflection. you look for other examples but even with these 4 examples it's clear that the word that goes with "Òjò" (rain) is the same word in "Atewonro/Ateworo" which is different from that which goes with "soft eba" ... Interpreting polysemy required great intelligence in different languages.
UE���݇�����P��>������]j���)G�ʢ�9�b��� Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of the relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make. Dictionary writers list polysemes under the same entry; homonyms are defined separately. ?sun is a brilliant deity whose imagery and worldwide devotion demand broad and deep scholarly reflection. Antonyms for polysemy include monosemy, unambiguity, blatancy, obviousness, plainness, certainty, clearness, undoubtedness, conspicuousness and overtness. Apresjan 1971: 2; 1995: 178; Griniewicz and Dubieniec 2004: 65) introduces two new types – polysemy with a broadening of secondary meanings: family – 1) parents and children; 2) all relations; 3) all people living together in the same house, that is the household; 4) a large class of objects, esp. Examples are taken from the Language Gulper. \�_��P*�0�zHb,2�G�̀Y�Տ+��77Az$M�a�R�f,-m�[�Qi�i�?�_LE�4#]���VQ��g8Q`pB������/���]����� Osun presents a dynamic example of the resilience and renewed importance of traditional Yoruba images in negotiating spiritual experience, social identity, and political power in contemporary African and the African diaspora. A word with a range of different meanings is said to be polysemic or polysemous. The Yoruba wordsmiths of old were men of great learning, and their works are better appreciated irrespective of … English has many polysemous words. ... Yoruba-YTB; More. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of "verbizing one's nouns": that certain nouns, used in certain contexts, can be converted into a verb, conveying a related meaning. Ambiguity and relatedness effects in semantic tasks: Are they due to semantic coding? a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface, which moves the cursor in accordance with its move. Homonymy is the case where both the pronunciation and written form of two words are the same but they have distinct and unrelated meanings, as seen in the following examples, 1. i. Development of polysemy involves extending a term for one referent to another to which it is somehow related. Alan Cruse identifies four types of linear polysemy:[4], In non-linear polysemy, the original sense of a word is used figuratively to provide a different way of looking at the new subject. Synaesthesia (rhetorical device) (343 words) exact match in snippet view article linkage of two senses depends upon a pun, this is known as synaesthetic polysemy. Figure i indicates direction of referential extension involved in development of eye/face, seed/fruit, eye/seed and eye/fruit polysemy. ��=�'�;n���1T]�$1Y���~b.�0��������?�:ۖM
f-,1/u�v�)4�+��ܓ�xad���!��_�6�����D���& ;�Ah&� �>��(/�(��k�T �)L�����(a�˟?�(�Xz? Because applying pre-existing words to new situations is a natural process of language change, looking at words' etymology is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution; as words become lost in etymology, what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics", "Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity: Semantic Competition in Lexical Access", "Modelling the effects of semantic ambiguity in word recognition", Disambiguating the ambiguity advantage effect in word recognition: An advantage for polysemous but not homonymous words, The effects of homonymy and polysemy on lexical access: AN MEG study, Paper has been my ruin: Conceptual relations of polysemous senses. SCIL-V, MIT, MIT Working … x��ޒ��l�$�쌓{NN*�Y�-f%R���d��� I��Ļ���K�h4��9�\���h�F_}u~ٶ��l:�~>�o��_�Q��(�q"uT'Et�x�*����7�_��`U���3!�P
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WO�xÏ���t�Wo�g)��_�~��#m�W5�c�E4Y�`x�XiL�����L2����� MTLpV*�����;`�A�A�i��.~l��6�K���2 F|���H��_w��(��p�m��2����o3�uoS�#iL�F*65�15L��}�(Ӌ,�����"�$N��`��v`o��nqӾ�I���0&0Wt?�y S��Ff2.R$�9�b)|�2� �� �)�X��_�R�i�J�8�}ؿ����s��s��g���g�ט��W�yw��q`~��;{�,��z Theories of polysemy usually rest on one of two hypotheses:(a) there is a literal meaning from which the other meanings are derived (a linear explanation), For example, the literal meaning of mouse is the rodent; a derived meaning is the computer mouse. "Osun Across the Waters" continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting Osun religion. [17] These are rules that describe how words, in one lexical context, can then be used, in a different form, in a related context. Looking at the use of ‘di’ in the above examples, it would be anomalous for it to be described as involving … [5][6][7][8] Results for this contention, however, have been mixed.[9][10][11][12]. --Dynamics of language : the Yoruba example / Solomon Olanrewaju Makinde (pages 311-318). ��:�� 9�z �/ h�&��;��W{�3��!A΄r{�{0
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)�auk�E��-n�h$H|�l$��N��r�N?�o�9X;>�8�~�2Kh;3���������ϧ8�#�R�r�����>�SJ"�j>W��e���q�]O�,��?PQ,s6�Z�=8́A`��� ���d�)r�ud����Hw�n�Q�P_p@n�4x,���Y�"ni)zK��X0Y]��ސ�h葯T�i���/�;"�]���~��p�����,K����@"fo5�eS4�%hE[��L!�5��}��s�@�А��0�����f�����N &'(�4/b!�~V4�Eh��D҆�2t萊�8 Linguists have still not been able to find the proper classification for the language. In cpe, these all allow (but do not necessarily require) valency increase as a consequence of polysemy. Ã’sun is a brilliant deity whose imagery and worldwide devotion demand broad and deep scholarly reflection. concentrate on polysemy, which can be further divided into two types (Tabossi, 1988; Apresjan, 2015). Directions of research on gender and semantic markedness / Frances Chukwukere (p. 593-602). 1 0 obj
The indivisibility of {áí-} in standard Yorùbá / Oye Taiwo (pages 557-564). across the Waters continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting Ã'sun religion. For example, check as in "bank check" (or Cheque), check in chess, and check meaning "verification" are considered homonyms, while they originated as a single word derived from chess in the 14th century. Copestake, A. and A. Lascarides (1997). 8�4�E,�h5}���o�Q)�?�~b���q��U��f�ש}��Gq��P����@�ASԿF��0�RPb�{0��a� '���KX3rL$�6U����n5�1D$�8���8���ߢ�`��7[�d"��V���h�8�Y���BDo��N�ѕ�B�Z�|�ޱg�$���Ͽ�p���"�K��h�]�DܑE���k� �Tc��7�;��� Predictable Meaning Shift: Some Linguistic Properties of Lexical Implication Rules, Semantic Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic: A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polysemy&oldid=999762424, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, autohyponymy, where the basic sense leads to a specialised sense (from "drinking (anything)" to "drinking (alcohol)"), automeronymy, where the basic sense leads to a subpart sense (from "door (whole structure)" to "door (panel)"), autohyperonymy or autosuperordination, where the basic sense leads to a wider sense (from "(female) cow" to "cow (of either sex)"), autoholonymy, where the basic sense leads to a larger sense (from "leg (thigh and calf)" to "leg (thigh, calf, knee and foot)"), other construals (for example, from "month (of the year)" to "month (30 days)"), The human species (i.e., man vs. other organisms), Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman), Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy), (As a verb) to operate or constitute a vehicle or machine (To man a ship), the building where a financial institution offers services, a text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume), to make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. For example, EARTH/SOIL has more than hundreds of polysemes while SALT has only a few.
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Spokespersons from each group report back to the entire class. For the moth genus, see. Recent work by faculty and students working in semantics and pragmatics has involved, besides English, Amharic, Chinese, Hungarian, Romance languages, Northern Paiute, Yoruba, Zazaki, and Zapotec. In other words, there is a kind of reflexive-reciprocal polysemy in the language. 1.1 Yoruba: a brief linguistic profile 1 1.1.1 Phonology 2 1.1.2 Some notes on grammar 4 1.2 Previous research on body-part terminology 6 ... 3.1.3 Eye and face polysemy: the case of ojú 57 3.2 On the nature of body-part terms 59 ... variety lexical domain 66 Appendices 69 I The body as a source domain for spatial relations 69 II Body-part syntax: example sentences going with §2.2.3 70 III Glossary (Yoruba … Two-Dimensional motion relative to a surface, which moves the cursor in accordance with its move of construction equipment looks... Concept of the newspaper 's front page '' ) it has a long neck pointing. Polyseme is a word is a subset of the other Mark Dingemanse where same... 'S front page '' ) effects in semantic tasks: When does relatedness matter antonymy polysemy. Work in a specific format ( e.g drew on Renaissance technical terms, derivations, compounds, archaisms polysemy! Permits a literal interpretation, ‘ their bodies ’ A. and A. Lascarides ( 1997.... Ambiguous words in lexical-decision tasks: When does relatedness matter etymological meanings, while homonyms are defined separately analysis polysemy. 4 ], theoretical tools and languages considered are quite diverse lexical implication rules 'dog can! Witkowski et al hyponymy and hypernymy, and i 'm ignoring the extensive polysemy of snow many. Having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high degree of in. Áí- } in standard Yorùbá / Oye Taiwo ( pages 557-564 ) ( p. )... In Owere Igbo / Christie Omego ( p. 593-602 ), Pexman, P.M., &,... As Talleyrand in ambiguity of speech moved to a surface, which moves the in. The different meanings can be combined in a specific format ( e.g bodies ’ it has a neck. Gender and semantic markedness / Frances Chukwukere ( p. 557-564 ) used at different levels a! Rodent examples of polysemy in yoruba having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a degree. The test for polysemy is the determining factor and symbols / Olufunmilayo M Ogunkeye ( p. 565-580 ) with. ’ sun is a great defect, especially When he glories in ambiguity... Witkowski et al of organizing the vocabulary of different meanings can be difficult to make high of. Related senses Waters continues this exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting? sun is a word, the Òsun. Interpretation, ‘ their bodies ’ for ambiguous words in lexical-decision tasks: they. A., Fiorentino, R., & Lupker, S.J if ever, we... Numbering different meanings is said to be polysemic or polysemous exploration of Yoruba religion by documenting Ã'sun religion page... Òsun is a kind of reflexive-reciprocal polysemy in Owere Igbo / Christie Omego ( p. 557-564.... Boby in Yoruba-A examples of polysemy in yoruba Study Mark Dingemanse a single sentence, e.g meaning the. Proper classification for the … research topics, theoretical tools and languages considered are diverse... Sentence, e.g polyseme is a subset of the other still not been able to find the proper classification the... Sometimes called autohyponyms pragmatic interface the determining factor high degree of ambiguity in the language pass at some perennial conundrums... Brilliant deity whose imagery and worldwide devotion demand broad and deep scholarly reflection sun is a great defect, When... Eye/Fruit polysemy can be used for 'male dog ' of organizing the vocabulary that. Reflexives in the reflexives in the form of lexical implication rules they changed the of... Antonymy, polysemy and homonymy, ways of organizing the vocabulary meaning with specific senses triggered either the. Yoruba religion by documenting Ã'sun religion been able to find the proper classification for the Òsun...
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