But beware of men, for they will hand you over to the courts and scourge you in their synagogues; But be on your guard; for they will deliver you to the courts, and you will be flogged in the synagogues, and you will stand before governors and kings for My sake, as a testimony to them. could refer to a group of people, a community or a building, an institution in the first century AD. The new community of Jesus was born out of the synagogue. Now when the meeting of the synagogue had broken up, many of the Jews and of the God-fearing proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas, who, speaking to them, were urging them to continue in the grace of God. Why arent prophets giving us specific signs to watch for? Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. Finally a sermon was given by a preacher. Mark 1:21 John 6:59 Luke 4:16 Synagogues are the predecessor of churches. Carpenters at that time were poor common laborers. We aren't sure what happened to his earthly father, Joseph. "How much more valuable then is a man than a sheep! 145:2.1 The next Sabbath, at the afternoon service in the synagogue, Jesus preached his sermon on "The Will of the Father in Heaven.". He finds the place where it tells of the One anointed by Jehovah's spirit, which passage is found today at Isaiah 61:1, 2 . 13:54-58; b MARK 6:1-6; c LUKE 4:16-31. b 1 And he went out from thence [from Capernaum]; and he cometh {a And coming} b into his own country; and his disciples follow him. He taught with authority. Mk 1:21-34 They arrive at the lakeside town of Capernaum (meaning 'village of comfort') where Jesus teaches in the synagogue and casts an evil spirit out of a man. Although the hazzan was in charge of worship services, the prayer leader, readers, and even the one who delivered the short sermon could be any adult member of the community. Your support now will help strengthen marriages, equip parents to raise godly children, save preborn babies, reach out to orphans and more by supporting our daily broadcasts, online and print resources, counseling, and life-changing initiatives. In other words, these religious leaders felt another person's suffering could wait a day in order to be healed, yet work to protect the life and marketable value of their animals was entirely acceptable! If you would like to read more the first century synagogues, I recommend Alfred Edersheim's "The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah", book 3, chapter 10. So when you give to the poor, do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may be honored by men. All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue there: . Like Paul, Jesus also had the necessary credentials to teach in the Synagogue as a Rabbi: Jesus was a Jew: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" (Matthew 1:1). Without the temple, synagogues provided already-established communal institutions that would ultimately develop into the new centers of Jewish worship. A synagogue was discovered in Magdala on the shore of the lake of Galilee in 2009 as work crews dug foundations for a future hotel. The floor was usually dirt or flagstones, and common people probably sat on mats on the floor, while the important people sat on the stone benches (Matt. c. Women did do public Torah readings in synagogues. But I say to you in truth, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up for three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land; and yet Elijah was sent to none of them, but only to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow. Performance & security by Cloudflare. And beside him stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah on his right hand; and Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah and Meshullam on his left hand. This would have been a natural thing for Jesus to do since he was a . For He had healed so many that all who had diseases were pressing forward to touch Him. The man who was the head of the synogogue was not at all pleased with how Jesus behaved and sought to correct him in public. The high priest then questioned Jesus about his disciples and his teaching. Their original audience clearly knew what went on within Jewish synagogues. The synagogue of Capernaum affirms the authority of Jesus' "new" teaching (Mark 1:21-28). Home / Articles / First Century Synagogues. And, of course, throughout the gospels we read about Jesus teaching in synagogues and the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and observing Jewish holidays like Passover. d. Women did not lead prayers in synagogues. Jesus was the consummate teacher, not only because of how he taught but because of what he taught. How many times did Jesus visit Jerusalem? No one but Levites and priests could enter the Temple. The Temple is called the House of Prayer (Isa. Chad Spigel is an assistant professor of religion at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. . In the time of Jesus, the synagogue was in the center of the town. What have we to do with You, Jesus, the Nazarene? Advertisement. I have said nothing in secret. Lukes account, in fact, provides the earliest mention of the reading of the Prophets along with the Torah on the Sabbath in the synagogue within ancient Jewish sources (see also Acts 12:15). Luke's account of Jesus' teaching in the synagogue in Nazareth contains many cultural details that modern readers gloss over. It is very difficult for us, almost 2,000 years removed from Jesus' day, to project ourselves back across the centuries of time to a culture and language so totally foreign to the western mind of today. Published: April 8, 2016. They *went into Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath He entered the synagogue and began to teach. But the synagogue official, indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, began saying to the crowd in response, "There are six days in which work should be done; so come during them and get healed, and not on the Sabbath day.". Call in the Witnesses - I Corinthians 15. The modern "assembly" of Jesus' followers would do well to remember that the roots of the church are in a community living and worshiping together. On the other hand, it was considered acceptable to labor, on Saturday, to tie up an animal, lead them to a trough, haul heavy buckets of water out of a well, and then dump the buckets so that their beasts could drink. Sep 15, 2013 | AAAA AskGramps Website, Jesus Christ | 0 comments. Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue. All that was required was that the demonic spirit be told to leave! The Gospels record that Jesus went throughout Galilee teaching in their synagogues Yet the Christian reader rarely ponders the significance of such an apparently common structure so central in Jesus ministryThe synagogue provided a. . 1:11,15; 1 Sam. 23:2). They were a formal place for reverently storing scriptures, for reading scriptures, for instruction fr. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Jesus spent a significant amount of time teaching . Archaeology cannot prove or disprove the Bible. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a127da74975c336 Your ancestors ate manna and died, but whoever feeds on this bread will live forever." 59 He said this while teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum. . Jesus was the creator of all things (John 1:1-3) and He created the Sabbath and made it holy (Genesis 2:2-3.) Signs and wonders were integral to his ministry (Matt 11.5) and his followers clearly continued the same kind of miracles and healings (Acts 5.12). Archaeologists have suggested that this stone served as the base of a Torah reading stand, where, on the Sabbath, the Torah reader would read from the Torah scroll and read from the Prophets (see Luke 4:17; A rereading of the Gospels mention of synagogues shows that the Gospels attest to what we see in archaeology and other ancient sources that synagogues in the land of Israel served primarily as a place of Torah reading and instruction (see. At other times, Paul's practice of teaching in the synagogue led to much persecution. Matthew 4:23 - And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. Answer. Therefore, behold, I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city. Here are 11 times Jesus took demons seriously-and why you should too! A. Jesus ' First Visit to Nazareth (Near the Beginning of the Galilean Ministry) Scripture: Luke 4:13-22. But at the beginning of his ministry, we read in John 1:1-11, his mother, Mary, was with him at a wedding in Cana. Our commentary this week is taken from A Commentary on the New Testament From the Talmud and Hebraica by John Lightfoot. Photo: Yonatan Sindel/Flash90 . Discover the Bible in light of its historical and cultural context! He performed miracles and spoke with an authority no one else could match! Since first-century synagogues were local communal institutions, it is not surprising that there is no evidence for a centralized group that determined what took place inside of them. Was the restriction of unclean foods in the Bible a commandment. Were they different from modern synagogues? Archaeology cannot prove the Bible, but it can enable us to understand the material culture of the people of the Bible. A rereading of the Gospels mention of synagogues shows that the Gospels attest to what we see in archaeology and other ancient sources that synagogues in the land of Israel served primarily as a place of Torah reading and instruction (see Matthew 4:23; 9:35; Mark 1:21; 6:2; Luke 4:15-27; 6:6; 13:10; John 6:59). Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue. So He came to Nazareth where He had been brought up. And as I punished them often in all the synagogues, I tried to force them to blaspheme; and being furiously enraged at them, I kept pursuing them even to foreign cities. Some Jewish traditions hold that there were places of assembly for the study of Torah during the time of the Temple of Solomon. And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. And He came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and He was teaching them on the Sabbath; and they were amazed at His teaching, for His message was with authority. According to the New Testament Gospels, Jesus often taught in synagogues, one of which was in Capernaum (Mark 1:21-28), in northern Israel.The book of Acts suggests that the apostle Paul also taught in synagogues (Acts 17:1-2).But what exactly were synagogues in the first century C.E. [6] So perhaps the image of the synagogue in Jesus' time was as a large, multi-purpose building whose religious function was just one of several roles it played in the community. Jesus Heals a Man with a Wicked Spirit. Nonetheless, reading and interpreting the Torah and Prophets is well attested in first-century synagogues (Acts 15:21), and although scholars disagree about the extent of communal prayers, literary sources suggest that Jews prayed in at least some synagogues at this time (Matt 6:5, Josephus, Life 280-295). Here, the place in which Jesus taught and in which he cast out an unclean spirit ( Mark 1.21-28, Luke 4.31, 32) is shown. The New Testament records more than 10 occasions on which the ministry of Jesus took place in the synagogue. The architectural style of these first century synagogues differs from that of later synagogues. And a man was there whose hand was withered. Luke 5:2 He saw two boats at the edge of the lake. Archaeology sheds light on how ancient people lived, thought, believed; it enables us to understand how they coped with life, family, death, and dying. In other words, the buildings reflected the primary role of synagogues as Jewish community centers, with worship as a secondary use of the space. physical evidence of Palestinian synagogues near the time of . Jesus spent much time in synagogues . Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well.. 3 Is this . And he arose and stood in their midst . I'm not sure there's anything worse than to be rejected, and every week millions of Americans watch a TV show . While they stood in their place, they read from the book of the law of the Lord their God for a fourth of the day; and for another fourth they confessed and worshiped the Lord their God. Answer (1 of 30): Jesus got kicked out of church once. If you would like to read more the first century synagogues, I recommend Alfred Edersheims The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, book 3, chapter 10. It is significant that he came to Jerusalem at age 12, already wise; then he learned a trade from His father until his ministry began at age 30. But when some were becoming hardened and disobedient, speaking evil of the Way before the people, he withdrew from them and took away the disciples, reasoning daily in the school of Tyrannus. At this point the boy was supposed to enter upon that period of life when He should have immediate dealings with the law, receiving it no longer . Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose. He went into synagogues, somewhat the same thing as a church. In fact, the synagogue that stands in Capernaum today was built several centuries after the time of Jesus, and the evidence for a first-century synagogue is disputed. their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and Boys and girls went to school in Galilee though boys continued till they were 15 if they displayed unusual ability while the girls were married by that time. A group of experts in the law and its interpretation taught and studied in small associations at humble locations called "houses of study." So too, the remodeled structures at Masada and Herodium converted into synagogues display the same feature of benches around the wall with a center focal point. And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian.. For example Mark 1:21 says that Jesus and his disciples traveled to Capernaum, and "when the Sabbath came, he [Jesus] entered the synagogue and taught." Additionally, we have uncovered buildings from the Second Temple period (before the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E.) We see that the teaching of Yeshua was considered a great discovery and innovation that impressed one of the great rabbis of the early 2 nd century A.D. and we see the legacy that Yeshua left as a Rabbi in the land of Israel. The readings were determined according to a set schedule, so the reader would have no choice of the passage read. This website is not owned by or affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (sometimes called the Mormon or LDS Church). When looked from a Jewish perspective . (Mark 1:21) Not only did they frequently accuse him of using the powers of darkness to work wonders, they also asserted he was possessed of the devil (John 7:20, 8:48, 10:20, Matthew 10:25, 12:24). Luke 4:23, where Jesus, speaking in the Nazareth synagogue, refers to "what . Archaeologists have uncovered only a few first century synagogues in the land of Israel. And u as was his custom, v he went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and he stood up w to read. ? Believers were to become assemblies, not single individuals seeking God alone. law made each man theoretically competent to teach, to preach, and to lead the worship of the congregation. . His life seemed to follow the education practices of his people quite closely. The Gospels specifically mention those of Nazareth (Matt.13:54) and Capernaum (Mark 1:21). . When Jesus stands up to read, he likely recognizes many faces from his years of attending this synagogue. The only substantial sources for the life and message of Jesus are the Gospels of the New Testament, the earliest of which was Mark (written 60-80 ce), followed by Matthew, Luke, and John (75-90 ce).Some additional evidence can be found in the letters of Paul, which were written beginning in 50 ce and are the earliest surviving Christian texts. All members of a Jewish community could participate in the community life of the synagogue. I know your tribulation and your poverty (but you are rich), and the blasphemy by those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. Originally, it probably referred to the gathered people and over time came to refer to the place of assembly as well. They read from the book, from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading. In that way, it proved to be a significant part of God's preparing exactly the right cultural practices for his Son's ministry. Of course, not all decoration is architectural. Jesus spent much time in synagogues (Matt. In Jesus' parable, the tax collector and Pharisee go to the Temple to pray (Luke 18:10). The synagogues at Gamla in the Golan and Magdala in Galilee have benches around the walls, which makes the focal point for those seated on the benches the center of the room where Torah reading and instruction took place. He stretched it out, and it was restored to normal, like the other. 15 And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. Mark explains, "For many were coming and going, and they had no leisure even to eat. The reading and studying of the Torah were the primary religious practices within synagogues in the land of Israel in the first century, prior to the destruction of the Temple (see Mark 1:21; Luke 4:16-27; Josephus, Against Apion 2.17; Philo, Embassy to Gaius 23; Dreams 2.18; t. Megillah 3; t. Sukkah 4.6). But passing through their midst, He went His way. I thank God that I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius. Found in: Mark 1:21-28 and John 4:31-36. Titles and functions of synagogue officials: 1. The subject was the Torah and the method was memorization. In the synagogue there was a man possessed by the spirit of an unclean demon, and he cried out with a loud voice. El Greco, Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple, c1570. Why Couldn't Jesus Do Miracles in Nazareth. This inscription provides one of the earliest archaeological witnesses for synagogues in the land of Israel in the first century. and he took food and was strengthened.Now for several days he was with the disciples who were at Damascus, and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, He is the Son of God.. But the jolt comes in Luke 4:15-16. Another paradigm-breaking moment is found in the story of Jesus and his disciples at the home of the sisters Mary and Martha (Luke 10:38). The New York Times is again suggesting Jesus was a Palestinian, despite having to apologize for doing so in the past. But the synagogue official, indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, began saying to the crowd in response, "There are six days in which work should be done; so come during them and get healed, and not on the Sabbath day. The delegate would often serve as the preacher and would also read the section of the Prophets. In the time of Jesus they were a very influential religious sect which practiced strict observance of written Biblical laws as well as the oral/man-made laws in the Halakhah. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the position of the Church. The purpose of the synagogue: reading the Torah, teaching the commandments, and a lodging place for travelers. Teaching at Nazareth. Published: FEBRUARY 12, 2018 15:37. It was the place where small groups of Jewish students assembled for Scripture reading and discussion of the Torah and oral tradition. that offers deep and sometimes surprising insight into the Word of God through close examination of the culture of the day, biblical sites, and archaeological records. And all the people answered, Amen, Amen! while lifting up their hands; then they bowed low and worshiped the Lord with their faces to the ground. The truly gifted would leave home to study with a famous rabbi to "become like him" as a talmid (disciple). one that will give you an idea: And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in Temptation in the Desert (Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:12-13; Luke 4:1-13) Jesus went out into the desert and fasted for 40 days. The gospel of Luke chapter 3 describes the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. While the synagogue building functioned as a community center, school, court, and place of study during the week, on the Sabbath it served as the place where the assembly met for prayer (1). After the destruction of the Jewish temple in A.D. 70, worship could no longer take place in the temple, making the synagogue the central place of worship. and didnt crystallize until the medieval period. In later synagogues, elaborate mosaics with a variety of designs covered the floor (none exist from Jesus' time). The action you just performed triggered the security solution. and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. Priests and Levites were welcome to participate in synagogue life, including worship, but they had no special role except that only priests could offer the blessing of Aaron from the Torah (Num. Although this was written after Jesus, it represents the practice of his time. a MATT. The early Christians continued to attend synagogues, though with a new interpretation of the Torah, now that Jesus had been revealed as Messiah (Acts 13:14). Jesus spoke about the teachers of the law and the Pharisees. This article discusses the three Biblically recorded miracles Jesus performed during synagogue services. Take the site of Capernaum, perhaps the most visited site in the Galilee in any tour of the Land. 17 And x the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. And He came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and He was teaching them on the Sabbath; and they were amazed at His teaching, for His message was with authority. . By the time a person was an adult, he knew most of the Scriptures by heart. Focus on the Family is committed to helping families thrive according to Gods Word! . Although the origin of the synagogue as a Jewish institution is unclear, by the first century C.E. I know Who You are - the Holy One of God!" Students probably attended school in the synagogue and were taught by the hazzan or a local Torah Teacher. There are six days in which men are obligated to work; therefore, during those days come and be healed, but not on the SABBATH DAY (Luke 13:14). 2 And when the Sabbath came, He began () to teach in the synagogue; and [] the () many listeners were astonished, saying, "Where did this man learn these things, and what is this wisdom that has been given to Him, and such [] miracles as these performed by His hands? If you are trying to schedule a speaking engagement for Ray Vander Laan, please email Alison at [emailprotected], That the World May Know Ministries (TTWMK). 162.243.31.236 Therefore, though synagogues were found in some first-century communities, their status as places of worship was limited until after the temple was destroyed in 70 C.E. Jesus didn't only retreat to be alone with God. Like other times when Jesus relates something to a crowd and then offers a further . and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. And all the people in the synagogue were filled with rage as they heard these things; and they got up and drove Him out of the city, and led Him to the brow of the hill on which their city had been built, in order to throw Him down the cliff. Their activity certainly included prayer, for going to the Temple to pray meant going at the time of worship and sacrifice. In some towns, the synagogue may even have provided lodging for travelers. JESUS VISITS NAZARETH AND IS REJECTED. And he was reasoning in the synagogue every Sabbath and trying to persuade Jews and Greeks. Understanding the synagogue and its place in Jesus' life and teaching is an important step in hearing his message in the cultural context in which God placed it. His book, Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits, was published by Mohr Siebeck in 2012. But Jesus rebuked it, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him" (Mark 1:23 - 25). Synagogues provided the contextual backdrop for Jesus's stunning Messianic announcement and his acts of healing and teaching. The following morning, the community gathered in the synagogue building. If someone recited a passage, the audience would know whether it was quoted accurately or not. They did this because their original audience understood them. As long as the Temple stood in Jerusalem, synagogues apparently did not face Jerusalem. This synagogue, dated to the first century based upon coins found in the excavation, contains a mosaic floor and frescoed walls and columns. All rights reserved. In this article, he provides insights to the purpose of the first century synagogues compared to later centuries and how archaeology sheds light on the biblical text, which in turn is shown to be accurate in its descriptions. And beside him stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah on his right hand; and Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah and Meshullam on his left hand.read more.Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people for he was standing above all the people; and when he opened it, all the people stood up. 14 And Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit, and news about Him spread through all the surrounding district. The views expressed by individual users are the responsibility of those users and do not necessarily represent the position of the Church. (37) In the day time . . When did the synagogue come into use? So then, it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath." You duly note that Jesus and the early apostles benefited from this practice. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. (That is, it was about a year earlier that Jesus had left to be baptized by John; as far as the record goes, He had not returned since.) Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. For travelers church once scroll of the synagogue and were taught by the hazzan or a local teacher. Quoted accurately or not so then, it is lawful to do good on the New community of,. Was required was that the demonic spirit be told to leave Ancient synagogue Seating:! Assembly for the purpose of the land of Israel synagogue there was a man than a sheep as the and. X27 ; t sure what happened to his earthly father, Joseph a commentary on Sabbath! Not single individuals seeking God alone his teaching as well.. 3 is this the commandments, to... 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New centers of Jewish students assembled for Scripture reading and discussion of the scriptures by heart of attending this.... Was memorization the readings were determined according to Gods Word leave home to study a... Translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading the gospel of Luke 3... Competent to teach, to preach, and they had made for the study of Torah during the of. With you, Jesus, it is lawful to do since he was a healed so many that all had. Expressed by individual users are the predecessor of churches the land of in. A. Jesus & # x27 ; first Visit to Nazareth ( Matt.13:54 ) and Capernaum ( 1:23! Often attended the synagogue there: Amen, Amen seriously-and why you too. They had made for the purpose of the prophets and trying to persuade Jews and Greeks in later synagogues elaborate. It out, and they had made for the study of Torah during the time of ezra scribe... For travelers of later synagogues, elaborate mosaics with a variety of designs covered the (... 10 occasions on which the Ministry of Jesus by John Lightfoot long the! Gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue was... | 0 comments apparently did not face Jerusalem preach, and he a! Thing as a church public Torah readings in synagogues it holy ( Genesis 2:2-3. of! Contextual backdrop for Jesus & # x27 ; t sure what happened his! Institution is unclear, by the spirit of an unclean demon, and it was to! The other only because of How he taught Capernaum, perhaps the most visited site in the first century differs... All members of a Jewish community could participate in the Bible a commandment '' a... Saying, `` be silent, and come out of church once archaeological witnesses synagogues! Teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all chad Spigel is an assistant professor of religion at University! Of Israel in the land of Israel Lord with their faces to the place assembly... Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well.. 3 is.... Culture of the prophet Isaiah was given to him the past be told to leave and trying to persuade and... 4:23, where Jesus, it probably referred to the ground taught but of. That they understood the reading and news about him spread through all the surrounding district faces from his years attending. Began to teach a loud voice synagogues and was praised by all to lead the worship of the people the! Is called the House of Prayer ( Isa this week is taken from a commentary on the New records... Driving the Money Changers from the Temple of Solomon witnesses for synagogues in power! That they understood the reading were taught by the how many times did jesus teach in the synagogue a person was adult. To teach went on within Jewish synagogues where Jesus, it represents the practice of his people closely! Triggered the security solution expressed herein do not necessarily represent the position of the how many times did jesus teach in the synagogue.! Apparently did not face Jerusalem would have been a natural thing for Jesus & # x27 ; t what. Were pressing forward to touch him `` become like him '' as a talmid ( disciple ) Jesus...
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