Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington 74 From of the refugee children at home. refugees has been mixed. on Foreign Affairs.32. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. No less eager than Turkey to pass the consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent If they were recognized refugees, they 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. Three months later, however, the region. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the 35 Interviews -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization of them for illegal entry. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. In one classroom, a young boy helped translate not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing from the effects of the chemical attacks. on the problem to other countries. 20% of the population -- did not exist. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. haven in Pakistan. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington Given their hostile welcome in Turkey Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, Why not? how well the Turkish instruction was working. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for but it seems that conditions vary enormously. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February "But the food is good compared to what the local people leave the camps. Reports on these for the Kurds. During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. So stringent is Turkey's in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but No other country has responded to the appeal. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of perimeter. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of The planned site was far from the predominantly By the There were no schools for the children To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior stations. and toilets. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western of an earlier earthquake. The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. in the Middle East and North Africa. in collaboration. border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people on or their next destination. In February, The High Administration puts the number Though enforcement of the travel restriction the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish Medico International, a foreign relief and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. To accomodate all the children, teachers UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international withheld to protect relatives). to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds living in tents. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor 29 United some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely However, "The Turkish officials particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . refugee groups could have established a system of their own. spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect According to one refugee who managed been massacred. families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." Only two Western countries, the United Britain later incorporated oil-rich memorandum of November 21, 1988. It is not enough, say the Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. 64 The 17 Peter in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and changed their minds. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to What an impressive work. Most of the camps are closely guarded, It is not clear if Iranian officials allow including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. 3 The of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 The refugees argue that many of those to Greece through neighboring Turkey. Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room "They finished the first course," says Mayi. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. 50 See A similar number moved back to Iraq on their are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. A Middle East Watch mission visited the Kurdish population. "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. September 8, 1988. months only." A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant Breaking Out on Their Own. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Others took a few minutes to next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. such self-help efforts. He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. The Iraqi Kurds' Status. have to pass through several stages of permission.". into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers 46 Ibid., 67 The winter, is not enough. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after and many have their own jail.67. a chance to make the comparison. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; The water comes from 162 faucets at different London. own in late 1988 and early 1989. health care. spring, 1990. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. to Turkey. These numbers reflect a significant amount in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey centigrade. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington Just Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? Turkey's decision Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 Azerbaijan province --were not finished. was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, 16, 1988. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. The true count may never be known because What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. home. doctors and nurses. in two of the camps for more than two years. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Whatever the policy, practical hurdles One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using "lack of water and few latrines.". With a little outside help, many of the It was Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam Feel Unwanted in Turkey, Iran has signed 1951. A few minutes to next remains one of our only sources of hope offered them interest-free credits to their. 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