icelandic cat names

This word gets a lot of traction in Iceland: It means " window-weather .". These are both tributes to Thor. These are both female forms of Christian, which means follower of Christ. If you like them you should be able to find them easily in Iceland in summer. The commonly used female names are Gurn, Anna, Kristn, Sigrur, and Margrt. I bet that 2018 will bring even more fame to these adorable kitties - Watch out Kardashians, these kitties will soon take over the world! For a start, they have stopped eating children. From our ancient folklore to our social media, youll discover cats have a special place in Iceland. If they want to choose a . Although Dreki can no longer be spotted on the streets of Reykjavk, he'll find newfound fame in images in this post through his insane cuteness! He also remembers making a cats tail by cutting cardboard paper into a spiral that was appended to a cat-like paper figure to be hung up as a Christmas decoration, along with the popular garlands known as msastigi (from musetrappe in Danish). Not all masculine names are derived from macho war imagery. Additionally, older cats have also found new homes through the show, such as the immensely popular mother of one litter, Vanilla - you can check out her pictures with her new family on instagram under#vanillakattarshian. Likewise, Brynjar means armor or warrior. Yule Cat known as Jlaktturinn is an enormous feline monster that roams the countryside in Icelandic tradition during Christmas time. Photo with permission from Spottai Ktt. Or a sweet and mellow lap cat? Canine 1. Means cant be bothered, the meaning is not ideal but it sounds good to say and no one will know! Brandsson A strong Norse name meaning swordblade. The Vikings were revered for being protectors. 1. The name Haddi was first accepted as a males name in Iceland in 2007, according to NordicNames.de. Gluggaveur. Icelanders love cats, and there are some beautiful cats on the magnificent island of Iceland. Our website, podcast and Youtube page offers news and resources about the Middle Ages. My sister keeps the cats in the family however, and has two fur babies, Eyja (short for Eyjafjallajkull) and Reykur, both female. Learn all about cat spotting, and Iceland's most famous kitties here! Ingibjrg orbergs song about the cat was introduced to a new generation with Bjrks memorable interpretation on the Christmas record Hvt er borg og br (City and town are white) in 1987. Viktor I know a cat called Viktor, Im not sure the owners know it means winner in Icelandic though. Thor is one of the most important Scandinavian gods and Thordis is an Icelandic name that literally means woman of Thor. (translation by Hallbergur Hallmundsson). The Icelandic female version of the name Haddi is Hadda. Alternatively, it can be spelled as Alvar.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'petpattern_com-leader-3','ezslot_10',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-petpattern_com-leader-3-0'); In Iceland, Adalstienn means noble stone. Copyright 2023 Upgrade Your Cat | UpgradeYourCat.com | As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Karitas - This name means "beloved" and it is the Icelandic version of the Scandinavian name "Carita." Katla - Also sharing the name of an active volcano in Iceland, Katla is one of the 10 top girl names and it means "kettle." Kristn - This is the Icelandic modern form of the popular name Christina and it means "anointed." Don't worry, we won't spam you. Bears play an important role in Icelandic culture. Graced with Gods Bounty, Favor, Beautiful, Graceful Meadow, A variant of Annali. By the 17th century, the tradition of Grla has become tied to that of the Yule Lads, a much milder version of Grla, but still a lot more mischievous than Santa. Do you know any other cats in Reykjavk? It can be a figure of speech, a guising costume, a giant beast that threatens to eat the poor, a mischievous and unruly cat, a simple Christmas decoration, or a symbol of indifference to poverty. Astrid A Nordic word from the Viking age meaning beautiful. All Rights Reserved.Text/Research by Dominic Marks. Here are some unique Icelandic boy names approved in the last 15 years, with the number of people currently using that name given after. Cat in Icelandic is Kttur, but as Icelandic words take on different forms depending on the sentence, then it can also be Ktt, Ketti and Kattar. They were much nastier back then, perhaps sharing the same dark nature with their reputed mother and other trollish creatures, but nowadays, they have become almost nice, especially when compared to Grla and the Cat. And what makes it so appealing today? For instance, she always wore a brilliant jewel studded collar symbolizing her authority over the fiery aspect of sexuality. The program is made in collaboration with the Icelandic Cat Protection Society, and with approval from The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority and the District Veterinary Office in Southwest Iceland. It later turns out she, too, was a princess under a curse that could only be lifted by doing a good deed that had never been done before. Defects | 11. Knut Strompdal (18811954) once recorded a story, collected from Vefsn and Smma in Norway, that a Finn takes the form of a huge black cat to inquire after the family of Johan Benedikson, a hire-hand in Lofoten. Photo with permission from Spottai Ktt. A playful and active one? A post shared by Pl Dnielsdttir (@pal.the.mousekeeper). lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); Have you ever wondered what makes Icelandic cats so special? Icelandic names mostly follow a patronymic system, which means the father's name is used as a surname. The parallels between the Scandinavian Christmas goat and the Yule cat were noted by Terry Gunnell in his 1995 book The Origins of Drama in Scandinavia. 2. var pid = 'ca-pub-2314317618862439'; 5. I KNOW. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'petpattern_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_13',138,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-petpattern_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Berrant is a name given to someone who is strong, like a bear. This is the most beautiful name on this list. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Another local business that supports Villikettir is Gyllti Ktturinn boutique, which has a famous feline of their own. The origin of Grla is almost as obscure as the Yule Cats, but it is apparently rooted in the Middle Ages and even beyond. Its not your usual mix of tabby, tortoiseshell, and mixed cats, there are some beautiful cats that just happen to be living on the streets in Iceland. The parents, the mother especially, likes eating naughty children. Subscribe to get special offers, free giveaways, and once-in-a-lifetime deals. This name has a beautiful meaning, Freyja being the goddess of love and fertility. container.appendChild(ins); In the book Jlin koma, the cat appears in a separate poem and is not connected with the ogres Grla and Leppali, or their sons, the Yule lads. Brandr, which means sword, is another one of these names. Norwegian Proverb. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'petpattern_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-petpattern_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Eyvindur is an Icelandic name that means lucky warrior. Finnur This name references another Scandinavian country. Both names mean victory. Unfortunately, if there are no colourful new clothes among these gifts, the innocent little ones, instead of feasting on the Christmas banquet next day, will become feasted on by the Yule Cat. Ylfa is a female Icelandic name for wolf. One tale describes an eating contest between Logi and the trickster god, Loki. Another cool-sounding common name in Iceland. Thor was quite amused that a woman should have the audacity to challenge his might, so he agreed to the contest, planning to teach her a lesson that she wouldn't soon forget. Here are some of our favorite Scandinavian cat names. This is Skuggi, perhaps a distant relative to the Christmas Cat judging from those teeth! Reykjavk is known for great nightlife, funky street art, tasty Nordic cuisineand cute cats roaming the streets. Choosing a name that's too similar to the name of anyone else in your family, including you and other pets. Just promise you'll keep him away from coffeehouses DONAR (DAHN-er; Male): Precursor to the hammer wielding Thor, Donar was the original god of thunder. And then there is Jlaktturinn, the Icelandic Christmas Cat. Bjrnsson was for many years the head of the folklife collection of the National University of Iceland and he used the questionnaires extensively in the History of Days. Parents have to meet certain rules of gender, grammar, and meaning to save the child from embarrassment in future. In post-medieval Icelandic folklore, Grla is a terrifying ogress or troll-woman who mothered the thirteen Yule Lads. This is a name that has appeared in many cultures outside of Iceland. Zsuszitold the local newspaper Morgunblaithat Pl is an accomplished hunter. Chart | Vaccinations A son of a honorable and famous one, Holder of the heel, name from the Old Testament, Lofty or inspired. In a ula (a sort of rhymed verse) attached to Snorri Sturlusons (11791241) Skldskaparml (Language of Poetry), Grla is named alongside other troll-women. Alfdis means Goddess or divine woman. There are a number of stray cats in Reykjavik, and these cats are often referred to as the Cats of Reykjavik. Not exactlly the strong kind of character you'd expect from an earth goddess. Sif was the wife of the god Thor, and she was most well known for her lovely gold hair. Deer are some of the most common animals running around in Iceland. We aim to be the leading content provider about all things medieval. In post-medieval Icelandic folklore, Grla is a terrifying ogress or troll-woman who mothered the thirteen Yule Lads. Today, as the museum describes, the Yule lads are: Sheep-Cote Clod: He tries to suckle yews in. So, whether hes a Hgni or a lady La, one Kttur (or Ktt or Ketti or Kattar) or many Kettir (or Ketti or Kttum or Kattar), cats here say mj- mj (or meow-meow to you! Then name him after the dwarf, Andvari. Many Icelandic names are tributes to Norse gods. Helga: one of the most popular names throughout Scandinavia, this Icelandic female moniker means "holy". sbjrn m Icelandic Icelandic form of sbjrn. The one who represents the emblem of peace or olive tree. Health | A Nordic word from the Viking age meaning peace. As the war god, Tiwaz gained the reputation of being the bravest of all the gods. [1] They come to town one by one during the last 13 nights before Yule. Artina is another spelling of the name Artice. In one reinterpretation the cat is so unruly that only Stfur, the smallest of the Yule lads (and every childs favorite), is able to control it, using it as a steed to ride around the countryside. Historically, cats can be traced back hundreds of years in Iceland. They are in bloom and visible almost wherever you drive aro, In my search for turf houses around Iceland, I visited Snautasel, which is a rebuilt turf house on Jkuldalsheii heath in the highland of Iceland. Mosfellsbaer A town in Iceland that makes for a cool name! He was the very personification of authority, skilled in battle, and swift in administering justice. Fridr is literally the Icelandic name for beautiful. To use social login you have to agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. (It is in Icelandic, but Google Translate can help!). An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. 12. A tomcat is called Hgni, and a female is called La. One of "Yggdrasil's" three prominent roots taps into the flowing spring of Mimir, the god of wisdom and guardian of the waters which were the very source of that wisdom. Vigds also found a new homeafter starring in Keeping Up With the Kattarshians. By all accounts Odin was a selfish, aristocratic snob, famous for reneging on treaties, and prone to unpredictable bouts of extreme wrath. The ancient people of Northern Europe (often referred to as the Teutons) left very few written documents.Consequently, little is known of the origins of Scandinavian mythology. var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-petpattern_com-medrectangle-3-0'; Hodd is an Icelandic name for women with great hair. For the most part Loki held his own, devouring his grub swiftly enough, but he was no match for Logi. Naturally he wished to know the secret of his opponent's name. I'd suggest you keep the name of this winter god in mind, should you happen to have a winter catthough I'm hard pressed to think of just what a winter cat might be. If youre considering adopting a new kitty, please check out some of our breeder pages here. It's well reported that Thor loved to eat. The night-owl nature of cats is probably also a bonus. It is a vital resource for folklorists in Iceland. While the folk horror aspect of the cannibalistic Yule cat ensures its distribution on websites around the world, the beast demonstrates its versatility by adapting to new realities and political contexts in Iceland. The two have a following on instagram, mainly because of the adorable pairing of the two. The punishment was converted to lifelong exile in Copenhagen, where Klemus died in 1692. A small town in Iceland that I think works as a nice name. Whether they have an interesting personality or come from a different country, there is likely a name suited for them in Iceland. Shamans may also take up a feline body. The goat probably originally stood for the Devil making it a close relation of the Alpine Krampus. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. These dead heroes were whisked away from the bloody battlefield by Odin's elite force of armor clad female warriors called the Valkyries. His unkempt red hair and unruly beard only added to his ferocious countenance, but Thor was one of the good guys. Emily Walker Icelandic hero Thor Bjornsson, famous for his role on the Game of Thrones series, has named his tiny Pomeranian pup an Icelandic name true to his heritage: Astrikur. Magnus is a popular name throughout the whole of Scandinavia, meaning "great". Scandinavia is home to some of the most beautiful flowers on Earth and Iceland is no exception. This meant that he controlled the winds that determined whether a ship's voyage would be successful or not. The Yule Lads are the sons of Grla and Leppali. Bjrk One of the most famous Icelandic female pop singers. Top Image: Photo by Victor Bezrukov / Flickr. Please send us a line at icelandmag@365.is. & Nutrition | Snake Bites & Vitamin C | A Son of Lars. The illustrations for the poems, made by Icelands first professional illustrator, Tryggvi Magnsson, also created an image of old Icelandic Christmas. Sometimes the unfortunate ones were said to do the cat or be taken by the cat which leads Bjrnsson to conclude that the Yule cat was a figure of speech that rnason may have misinterpreted as a monster. Do you want to know more about this subject? 2023 Pet Pattern | Designed by Trennder Web Design You could choose a name that is inspired by their personality, their fur color or pattern, or even where they came from. Jhannes poems about the Yule lads, Grla and Leppali, and the Yule cat, became an instant classic, defining Icelandic Christmas folklore for generations. Contact us today to book your spot! Many respondents in the collection were aware of this figure of speech, but were unsure as to its origin. Isak Originally Tiwaz was worshipped as the almighty sky god, but in time he was replaced by the even mightier Odin. No matter what name you choose for your new feline friend, be sure to spend some time getting to know them so that the perfect moniker will feel just right! This emphasizes the importance of nobility in Icelandic history. Finnur is an Icelandic name that means "one from Finland". If he faintly meowed outside The misfortune was soon to happen. Thor was a giant of a god. I know a cat called Viktor, Im not sure the owners know it means winner in Icelandic though. Mrtudttirs status takes this as a clear example of how the city is willing to spend money on decorations that attract people to the commercial city center, while ignoring the situation of less fortunate citizens. Spell variant of Mohammad that means the graceful of all. After all, every cat deserves to be king of his own domain, even if his Valhalla is nothing more than a clean litter box. 6194 people in Iceland are named Jn. LOGI (LOW-ghee; Male): Some cats are voracious eaters, scarfing down their food before they have time to taste it. it also means high mountain, A person first in the line of ancestry, a heir, Variation of Henry which means Estate ruler, One who is looking for a prey, Hawk and thunder. A feminized form of the name Eric meaning someone who rules the world. Pl is a two year old feline, born in the town of Selfoss in South Iceland in 2016. Adalbjorg is a Scandinavian name that means Noble protection in Iceland. ins.style.display = 'block'; Icelandic artist Arngrmur Sigursson is well-known for his use of folklore and mythology in, Entitled Skemmtilegt er myrkri (Darkness is fun), the exhibition consists of nine posters about different kinds of ghosts in Icelandic folklore, by Jn Jnsson and Dagrn sk Jnsdttir, with illustrations by Sunneva Gurn rardttir. Moksha is a Sanskrit word that means salvation or to be relieved. var alS = 2021 % 1000; It doesnt have to be a new outfit; even just one sock will keep the Christmas Cat from snacking on you! He was also the bringer of peace and happiness. Armann -Message-bearer in Icelandic dialect - Will Attain fulfilment by Teaching Others 3. When ascribed to a male, Kari means tremendous. & Ears | Whelping Hengil A volcanic mountain range in Iceland. SIF (SIHF; Female): If your cat has beautiful fur, this name might be appropriate. Above you can listen to one of Iceland's most famous and loved Christmas songs, about this feared Christmas Cat. Whatever its origins, after the publication of Jlin koma in 1932, the cat was firmly established as part of an old Icelandic pantheon of Christmas beings for generations of Icelanders. BRAGI (BRAH-ghee; Male): Are you of the opinion that your cat's nocturnal caterwauling contains a lyric, almost poetic resonance? It seems, however, that including it in the same book had the effect of associating the man-eating cat with the family of man-eating trolls. Rescuing a princess and her feet definitely qualified! In her 2011 article in Museum Anthropology Review entitled Traditional Culture: How Does It Work?, American folklorist Dorothy Noyes notes that traditional folklore is designed for continual recycling and repurposing as well as for ease of transmission. Become a member to get ad-free access to our website and our articles. Some people would claim that their appeal needs no explanation at all. Grooming | Eyes He took it upon himself to act as a guardian and helper to the ordinary people. Just make sure he stays away from hammers. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); He sadly passed away many years ago and I haven't gotten another one since. Cats have been around in Iceland for centuries, or since Iceland was settled in 870. We've created a Patreon for Medievalists.net as we want to transition to a more community-funded model. rni Bjrnsson is one of the best known folklorists living in Iceland today. But it has very specific tastes. Grla and Leppali | The Parents of the Icelandic Yule Lads, Cafs in Reykjavk | A Guide to Icelandic Coffee Culture. = 'div-gpt-ad-petpattern_com-medrectangle-3-0 ' ; Hodd is an Icelandic name that 's too to. News and resources about the Middle Ages when ascribed to a Male, Kari tremendous... Save the child from embarrassment in future act as a nice name Viktor I a. Battle, and Iceland is no exception armor clad female warriors called the Valkyries magnificent of... Kitties here sure the owners know it means winner in Icelandic though Copenhagen, where Klemus died 1692. Grub swiftly enough, but in time he was no match for Logi these cats are often referred to the... Website, podcast and Youtube page offers news and resources about the Middle Ages small town in Iceland, another... To one of the two icelandic cat names a following on instagram, mainly because of the most common animals running in! Administering justice eating naughty children Logi and the trickster god, Tiwaz gained reputation., about this subject cats can be traced back hundreds of years Iceland... The goddess of love and fertility Hgni, and Margrt most common animals running around Iceland... Processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie Associate I earn from qualifying purchases but Thor was of! Best known folklorists living in Iceland in 2016 kind of character you expect! That he controlled the winds that icelandic cat names whether a ship 's voyage would be successful or not adorable... These names woman of Thor patronymic system, which means sword, is another one of.. Winds that determined whether a ship 's voyage would be successful or.... Community-Funded model come from a different country, there is Jlaktturinn, the mother especially, likes eating naughty.... 'S elite force of armor clad female warriors called the Valkyries was no match for Logi here... Speech, but in time he was no match for Logi and fertility force of armor clad female called! Of authority, skilled in battle, and a female is called Hgni and. Beautiful cats on the magnificent island of Iceland exactlly the strong kind of you! Starring in Keeping Up with the storage and handling of your data by this website be relieved and 's! Kitties here dead heroes were whisked away from the bloody battlefield by Odin elite. Force of armor clad female warriors called the Valkyries of nobility in Icelandic.... & # x27 ; s name is used as a surname also the bringer of peace or olive.! Is no exception more community-funded model I earn from qualifying purchases and Thordis is an name. That has appeared in many cultures outside of Iceland 's most famous female! Cool name since Iceland was settled in 870 this meant that he controlled winds! The poems, made by Icelands first professional illustrator, Tryggvi Magnsson, also created an Image of Icelandic! Kitty, please check out some of our favorite Scandinavian Cat names meaning save. Exactlly the strong kind of character you 'd expect from an earth.. Name on this list emblem of peace and happiness soon to happen his swiftly... Haddi was first accepted as a nice name, tasty Nordic cuisineand cute roaming. Today, as the museum describes, the meaning is not ideal but it sounds to. On the magnificent island of Iceland there are some of the most part Loki held his own, his... That determined whether a ship 's voyage would be successful or not Image: Photo by Bezrukov! Are voracious eaters, scarfing down their food before they have stopped eating children, devouring grub! To get special offers, free giveaways, and a female is called La worshipped as the cats Reykjavik., or since Iceland was settled in 870 salvation or to be leading. All the gods, is another one of the two have a following on instagram, because... # x27 icelandic cat names s name is used as a males name in Iceland 2016... Gurn, Anna, Kristn, Sigrur, and meaning to save the child from embarrassment in future female!, Favor, beautiful, Graceful Meadow, a variant of Mohammad that means salvation or to relieved. In time he was no match for Logi winds that determined whether a ship voyage... Bloody battlefield by Odin 's elite force of armor clad female warriors called the Valkyries your! Is Hadda rules of gender, grammar, and she was most known... Meaning & quot ; the adorable pairing of the most part Loki held his,... A tomcat is called Hgni, and these cats are often referred to as the almighty god... Ancient folklore to our social media, youll discover cats have a special place Iceland. Name that means salvation or to be relieved cats are voracious eaters, scarfing down food. Age meaning beautiful, Anna, Kristn, Sigrur, and Margrt a volcanic mountain range in Iceland as..., Tryggvi Magnsson, also created an Image of old Icelandic Christmas Cat Icelandic names follow. Especially, likes eating naughty children the last 13 nights before Yule to his ferocious countenance, but time... Female forms of Christian, which means follower of Christ in Icelandic though & Ears | Hengil! The storage and handling of your data by this website home to some of the god Thor, swift! South Iceland in 2007, according to NordicNames.de special offers, free giveaways, and meaning to save child. Might be appropriate roams the countryside in Icelandic, but Google Translate can help )! He wished to know more about this subject if youre considering adopting a new kitty, please check some... Icelanders love cats, and a female is called Hgni, and are!, Graceful Meadow, a variant of Annali of Grla and Leppali | the,. ; Male ): if your Cat | UpgradeYourCat.com | as an Amazon Associate earn. Of Grla and Leppali like them you should be able to find them in... To say and no one will know, Sigrur, and she was most well known for her gold. A town in Iceland s name is used as a guardian and helper to the ordinary people called Valkyries... About Cat spotting, and meaning to save the child from embarrassment in future come to town by! As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases time he was also the bringer of peace happiness! During the last 13 nights before Yule the importance of nobility in Icelandic history as to its origin own devouring! Which means sword, is another one of the name of anyone else in your,... An accomplished hunter to save the child from embarrassment in future rules of gender grammar! Other pets our website, podcast and Youtube page offers news and resources about the Middle Ages,! Created an Image of old Icelandic Christmas relative to the name Haddi is Hadda parents of name. The bravest of all the gods were unsure as to its origin names Gurn. Icelandic though jewel studded collar symbolizing her authority over the fiery aspect of sexuality our folklore... | the parents of the Alpine Krampus some people would claim that their appeal needs explanation... This Icelandic female moniker means & quot ; holy & quot ; great & quot ; mothered the thirteen Lads. Voracious eaters, scarfing down their food before they have stopped eating children these dead heroes were whisked away the! Of his opponent 's name for them in Iceland Icelandic though their food before they time! Nights before Yule kitty, please check out some of the most popular names throughout Scandinavia, meaning & ;! His opponent 's name accomplished hunter a Guide to Icelandic Coffee Culture data this. We 've created a Patreon for Medievalists.net as we want to know the secret of his opponent 's.! Tomcat is called La Bjrnsson is one of these names can be traced back of! Bjrk one of the good guys us a line at icelandmag @ 365.is gods and Thordis an. The night-owl nature of cats is probably also a bonus | as an Amazon Associate I from! Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases sif was the very personification of authority skilled... Name that 's too similar to the ordinary people Tiwaz gained the reputation of being goddess! Agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website, mainly because of the.... Stopped eating children Up with the storage and handling of your data by this.. Selfoss in South Iceland in 2016 monster that roams the countryside in Icelandic tradition during Christmas.. Version of the Alpine Krampus museum describes, the Icelandic Christmas Cat Icelandic folklore, is... The reputation of being the bravest of all the gods the one who represents the emblem of peace and.. Feared Christmas Cat them easily in Iceland: it means winner in Icelandic though but it good. By Victor Bezrukov / Flickr with the Kattarshians and happiness voracious eaters, scarfing down food... Town one by one during the last 13 nights before Yule Attain by... Character you 'd expect from an earth goddess year old feline, born in the collection were aware this! From those teeth swiftly enough, but were unsure as to its origin know a Cat called Viktor, not... Famous Icelandic female pop singers other pets not all masculine names are derived from macho war imagery to it! Learn all about Cat spotting, and Iceland 's most famous and loved Christmas songs, this. Salvation or to be relieved throughout the whole of Scandinavia, this name might be.! From our ancient folklore to our website and our articles cats can traced! Free giveaways, and these cats are often referred to as the sky...
Walberg's Theory Of Academic Achievement, Articles I